.^********************************************** 



Crushed 
Agricultural Limestone 



Under Control 

OF 



Mississippi State Penitentiary 



Plants at Ofcolona and Waynesboro, Miss. 



By Authority of the Legislature, Acts of 19 H. 



* 

t 

* 
* 



*• — «.-~->... - m ^ 



A Limestone Country is a Rich 

Country 

Crushed Limestone for Agricultural 
Purposes. Under Control of Mis- 
sissippi State Penitentiary 

Compliments of HON. L. Q. STONE. 



Trustees: 

J. F. THAMES, President Mendenhall, Miss. 

L. Q. STONE, Tupelo, Miss- 

W. A. MONTGOMERY, Edwards, Miss. 

North Mississippi Plant, located near Okalona, Miss. 

Shipping Point, Stone Switch ; Postoffice, Okolona, Miss. 

W. C. PHILLIPS, Sergeant. 

South Mississippi Plant, located near Waynesboro, Miss. 
Shipping Point, Limestone Switch ; Postoffice, Waynesboro, 

Mississippi. 
W. L. HICKS, Sergeant. 

Address all communications to 

MISSISSIPPI STATE PENITENTIARY 

Jackson. Mississippi. 






TO THE FARMERS OF MISSISSIPPI : 

In presenting this little pamphlet it is our purpose to 
render you all the asistance we can in the intelligent appli- 
cation of crushed limestone to your soils, and to that end we 
have culled, from the best and most reliable sources, the sub- 
ject matter contained herein, giving it to you with the hope 
that all who apply the crushed limestone may receive abun- 
dant returns therefrom. 

In addition to such matter as we have collected on the 
subject of applying limestone to the soil, has been added 
some useful rules and information which we deem of inter- 
est to you. 

We are pleased to announce that both plants, (one at 
Okolona and one at Waynesboro) are now in full operation, 
and from now on can supply all demands. 

The price will be One Dollar per ton f. o. b. plants. 
Send all orders to Jackson, Miss., where they will re- 
ceive prompt attention. 

Respectfully, Your obedient servants, 

L. Q. STONE, President, 

J. F. THAMES, 

W. A. MONTGOMERY, 

Trustees. 



n. Of »• 
rLb 21 1919 




HON. L. Q. STONE, Trustee, Third District. 



— 5— 



Act of the Legislature Creating the Lime- 
stone Crushing Plant. 



AN ACT PROVIDING LIMESTONE CRUSHING 
PLANTS. 

Chapter 132, Acts of 1914. 

An Act providing for the establishment of stations for 
the crushing of limestone authorizing the use of convict la- 
bor for same, and supplying the product to farmers at actual 
cost. 

Crushing of Limestone, Stations Established for. 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State 
of Mississippi that the Board of Trustees of the Mississippi 
Penitentiary, in co-operation with the State Geologist, are 
hereby authorized to establish at a point or points within the 
State of Mississippi, convenient to railway lines, one or more 
stations for the purpose of crushing limestone for agricul- 
tural purposes, and are charged with the duty of operating 
said station or stations, and suplying the crushed limestone 
to the farmers of the State at actual cost. 

Distribution Station to Be Maintained. 

Section 2. The Board of Penitentiary Trustees shall 
establish and maintain a station or stations at some point or 
points where limestone can be secured convenient for the 
distribution of crushed limestone at economical rates. 

Penitentiary Trustees Empowered to Buy Limestone 

Deposits. 

Section 3. The Trustees are empowered to acquire by 
purchase or gift suitable deposits of limestone, and in suffi- 



— 6— 

cient quantities to provide a supply for a long period, in no 
instance to consist of less than 80 acres carrying a heavy de- 
posit of said limestone. 

Board to Equip Stations, and Provide Cages for Convict 
Labor for Same. 

Section 4. The Board of Trustees of the State Peniten- 
tiary shall equip such station or stations with suitable ma- 
chinery for the handling, crushing and loading of cars of 
said limestone in an economical manner, also with the nec- 
cessary buildings, cages, etc., for the humane treatment of 
the convicts designated for the operation of the station or 
stations, also any other buildings and conveniences deemed 
necessary. 

Superintendent of Penitentiary to Supply Convicts. 

Section 5. When the construction of said plant or 
plants is ready to begin, the Trustees shall call upon the Su- 
perintendent of the Penitentiary for a certain number of 
able bodied male convicts, not to exceed 50 for each station, 
for the- purpose of building and operating the same. The 
Superintendent of the Penitentiary shall promptly comply 
with said request, and supply the convicts as requested, 
when same will not interfere with cultivation of State crops. 

Product to Be Sold at Cost. 

Section 6. The product from these stations, or station, 
shall be sold to the people of the State of Mississippi at the 
actual cost of all expenses connected with the crushing and 
loading of same upon the cars. 

Section 7. That this Act take effect and be in force 
from and after its passage. 

Approved March 27, 1914. 

The Legislature creating the establishment of the lime- 
stone crushing plants failed to make an appropriation to 



carry into effect the provisions thereof, thus preventing 
the erection of the plants for two years. 

After the adjournment of the Legislature the Board re- 
ceived many letters from farmers of the State insisting that 
they be supplied with agricultural limestone. The board be- 
ing anxious to comply with their wishes, called upon the At- 
torney General for an opinion as to whether they could use 
any part of the appropriation made for the support and 
maintenance of the penitentiary, in the erection of said 
plants. The Attorney General replied that they could not 
use any part of said appropriation for that purpose. 

The Legislature of 1916 made an appropriation of $20,- 
000.00 for the two plants. Immediately after this appropri- 
ation became available, the Board of Trustees advertised for 
sites, and with the State Geologist, visited each available 
place offered. The selection of the plant for North Missis- 
sippi was located on the Houston branch of the Mobile & 
Ohio Railroad about two miles west of Okolona, in Chicka- 
saw county, the plant for South Mississippi was located 
about five miles north of Waynesboro, Wayne county, on the 
Mobile and Ohio Railroad. 

The opinion of the State Geologist is that there is an 
abundance of rock, and of excellent quality, at both places. 



— 8- 



TO THE FARMERS OF MISSISSIPPI: 

I wish to bespeak for this little booklet your careful 
consideration. It has been prepared with a great deal of 
pains and labor by the Board of Trustees of the Peniten- 
tiary. 

The establishment of the lime-crushing plants by the 
State Legislature and their successful inauguration by the 
Board of Trustees of the Penitentiary mark the beginning 
of a new era in our agricultural development. 

It now only remains for our farmers to avail themselves 
of this new opportunity so generously provided by the State. 

P. P. GARNER, 
Commissioner of Agriculture. 



— 9- 



ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONE ROCK AT STONE SWITCH, MISS. 
(Near Okolona, Miss.) 

Moisture , 1.65% 

Lime, Cao 41.39% 

Calcium carbonate, CaCo 3 (Calculated) 73.86% 

Made by Dr. W. F. Hand, State Chemist. 

ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONE AT LIMESTONE SWITCH, MISS. 
(Near Waynesboro, Miss.) 

Moisture 0.52% 

Lime, Cao 52.27% 

Calcium carbonate, CaCo 3 (Calculated) 93.27% 

Made by Dr. W. F. Hand, State Chemist. 



—10— 

FREIGHT RATES ONAGRI- 
CULTURAL LIMESTONE 



No. 4204. 
THE COMMISSION 



vs. 
ALL RAILROADS 



In re Rates on Limestone. 



It is hereby ordered that all railroads shall establish 
and apply on Agricultural Limestone, ground or pulverized, 
in bags, barrels, or in bulk, carload, minimum weight 10% 
less than marked capacity of car but not less than 60,000 
pounds, except when marked capacity of car is less, in which 
case the marked capacity of car shall apply, rates no higher 
than the following per ton of 2,000 pounds : 

To apply over one railroad, or over two or more rail- 
roads under the same ownership, management or control : 

TABLE "A." 

25 miles and under $0.30 

35 miles and over 25 35 

45 miles and over 35 40 

55 miles and over 45 .45 

65 miles and over 55 .50 

75 miles and over 65 55 

85 miles and over 75 .65 

95 miles and over 85 65 

110 miles and over 95 70 

125 miles and over 110 .75 

140 miles and over 125 .80 

155 miles and over 140 .85 

170 miles and over 155 .90 

185 miles and over 170 .95 



—11 — 

200 miles and over 185 1.00 

220 miles and over 200 1.05 

240 miles and over 220 1.10 

260 miles and over 240 1.15 

280 miles and over 260 1.20 

300 miles and over 280 1.25 

320 miles and over 300 1.30 

340 miles and over 320 1.35 

360 miles and over 340 1.40 

380 miles and over 360 1.45 

400 miles and over 380 1.50 

To apply in movement over two railroads not under the 
same ownership, management or control rates no higher 
than the following : 

TABLE "B." 

25 miles and under $0.27 

35 miles and over 25 31 14 

45 miles and over 35 36 

55 miles and over 45 39 

65 miles and over 55 42 V^ 

75 miles and over 65 46% 

85 miles and over 75 51 

95 miles and over 85 55^4 

110 miles and over 95 59 Vi 

125 miles and over 110 63% 

140 miles and over 125 68 

155 miles and over 140 70 

170 miles and over 155 72 

185 miles and over 170 76 

200 miles and over 185 .80 

220 miles and over 200 84 

240 miles and over 220 88 

260 miles and over 240 92 



—12— 

280 miles and over 260 96 

300 miles and over 280 1.00 

320 miles and over 300 1.04 

340 miles and over 320 1.08 

360 miles and over 340 1.12 

380 miles and over 360 1.16 

400 miles and over 380 1.20 

On Agricultural Limestone, in sacks or barrels, less 
than carload, the same rates as apply on Fertilizer, less than 
carload, with minimum of five (5) cents per 100 lbs. for 
each line. 

The above rates to become effective on December 1st, 
1916, superceding the rates named in order of October 4th, 
1916. 



ORDERED, this 9th day of November, 1916. 



—13— 

AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE 



From Bulletin No. 13 Mississippi Geological Survey, 
Dr. E. N. Lowe, Director. 

The application of mineral fertilizers to the soils of 
Mississippi is of paramount importance to its agricultural 
development. That much of its soil is deficient in certain 
minerals cannot be disputed. That other soils which are 
now fertile will become deficient in certain minerals is not to 
be gainsaid. That many of our soils, even our upland soils, 
are so deficient in lime as to be acid has been demonstrated 
by hundreds of field tests. That the growing of alfalfa on 
some of our soils can be accomplished by the application of 
lime to these soils and not otherwise is a matter of record. 
That the yield of many of our common field crops has been 
increased by the application of lime and ground limestone is 
an established fact. All of these demonstrable facts con- 
vince one of the importance, to the citizens of the State, of 
the subject selected for this report, the marls and limestones 
for agricultural purposes ; and has led the writer to a study 
of our resources along these lines. The results obtained 
and the co-ordinate facts gathered are set forth in this pub- 
lication which the writer hopes will prove of value to those 
interested in the development of our agricultural resources. 

There are many localities in the State where limestone 
suitable for agricultural purposes may be obtained. Before, 
however, any great expense in the preparation and the ap- 
plication of this limestone is incurred an analysis should be 
obtained of the limestone as a test of its value for liming 
purposes. There are many so-called lime deposits in the 
State which are not limestone at all but are composed of 
either white clay or white silica and are utterly valueless for 



-14- 



liming purposes. Many of the so-called marls are also de- 
void of fertilizing constituents. 



SOIL ACIDITY. 

Free acids in soils are detrimental to the growth of 
most crops. There are some forms of vegetation which 
seem to thrive best under acid conditions but farm crops in 
general do not produce well in the presence of soil acidity. 
Acidity in Mississippi soils has received the attention of the 
writer during a series of years of field and experimental 
work. Hundreds of field tests have been made and acid con- 
ditions were found to obtain in many types of both bottom 
and upland soils. The vastness of such acid-soil areas is a 
matter of surprise and concern. Some of the soils tested 
gave an acid reaction when the clear water solution from 
them was tested with blue litmus paper. However such soil 
areas are not believed to be large as in the majority of cases 
it was necessary to bring the soil particles in direct contact 
with the litmus paper in order to get the reaction which con- 
sists in changing the blue coloring matter of the paper to a 
red or pink color. 

There are at least two ways by which the above named 
reaction may occur. The reaction has been commonly ac- 
counted for by saying that the soil contains complex organic 
acids which are insoluble in water but which give the acid 
reaction when brought in direct contact with the litmus pa- 
per which is enclosed by the soil particles. Another ex- 
planation as that the acid reaction is due to the absorption 
of the base of the litmus paper by the colloidal matter pres- 
ent in the soil. 

Causes of Soil Acidity — There is no doubt that the pres- 
ence of organic acids in the soil is often responsible for soil 
acidity. Such soils usually have an abundance of organic 



—15— 

matter, the decay of which produces the acids. The peaty 
soils of shallow lake basins and marshes and the soils of 
poorly drained alluvial bottoms are typical examples. 

Soil acidity is less frequently caused by inorganic acids 
produced in the soil by weathering processes. Soils formed 
from lignite-bearing rocks usually contain quantities of iron 
pyrite which in the process of decomposition forms sul- 
phuric acid. The chemical reaction may be as follows: 
2FeS 150 4HO Fe 4H SO. Soils deficient in lime are soon 
depleted of their lime content and become acid. Some up- 
land soils owe their acidity in part at least to the oxidation 
of sulphides. A soil that contains only a small amount of 
lime will soon become acid through the leaching action of 
meteoric water and through the loss sustained by the solv- 
ent action of plants. Rainwater contains small quantities 
of carbonic and other acids which aid in dissolving lime 
compounds some of which are moderately soluble even in 
acid-free water. The organic acids exuding from the roots 
of plants aid in the lime-leaching process. The use of com- 
mercial fertilizers which contain free or partially free acids 
may reduce a soil even moderately deficient in lime to an 
acid condition. When an acid phosphate which is composed 
of monacalcic and dicalcic phosphate is applied to a solid 
containing lime compounds some of the lime is used up in 
converting the monocalcic and the dicalcic phosphates into 
tricalcic phosphates. 

TIME OF APPLICATION. 

When ground limestone is to be applied to cultivated 
land it may be applied at any time when the dryness of the 
ground will permit if its application will not interfere with 
the growing crop. When the fields are plowed either in the 
fall or spring the ground limestone may be spread upon the 



—16— 

surface and disked or harrowed in. If the application is to 
be of coarse material it may be spread upon the surface of 
the unplowed field, allowed to weather for a time and then 
plowed under. A second and lighter application may then 
be made to the surface of the plowed field. 

If the Selma chalk is used it may be broken up in pieces 
having a diameter of three or four inches and applied to the 
soil in the fall. If the weather conditons are the usual ones 
of our winter months the limestone will be largely disin- 
tegrated by spring. If the application is to be made in the 
spring the rock should be reduced to a greater degree of fine- 
ness. The Vicksburg limestone will resist weathering more 
than the Selma chalk and should be ground to smaller parti- 
cles. The Devonian and the sub-carboniferous limestones 
are still more resistant and require a still greater degree of 
fineness. Fall-applied limestone has the advantage of hav- 
ing a longer period of time to weather and after the crop 
is gathered the farmer has more time for its application. 

HOW TO APPLY THE LIMESTONE, 

Ground limestone may be applied by hand or by ma- 
chine. In spreading by hand the limestone may be scattered 
from a wagon box by the use of a shovel as the team is driv- 
en back and forth across the field. Grain drills may be used 
for spreading lime or limestone but the small amount held 
by the hopper is a drawback. The limestone may be placed 
on the field in piles and spread by hand or machine from 
these piles. Dr. Hopkins, in the publication already refer- 
red to, gives the following description of a home-made 
spreader: "Make a hopper similar to that of an ordinary 
grain drill, but measuring 8*4 feet long with sides at least 
20 inches wide and 20 inches apart at he top. The sides 
may be trussed with %-inch iron rods running from the bot- 



—17— 

torn at the middle to the top at the ends of the hopper. Let 
the bottom be five inches wide in the clear with 2-inch holes 
5 inches between centers. Make a second bottom to slide 
under the first on straps of iron 10 inches apart, which 
should be carried from one side to the other under the hop- 
per to strengthen it, also with holes to register. Both bot- 
toms may be of sheet steel or the lower one may be of hard 
wood, reinforced with strap iron if necessary. 

"To the lower movable bottom attach a V-shaped arm 
projecting an inch from under the hopper, with a half-inch 
hole in the point of the V, in which drop the end of a strong 
lever, bolting the lever loosely but securely to the hopper 
with a single bolt, and fasten to the top of the hopper a guide 
of strap iron in which the lever may move to regulate the 
size of the opening by sliding the lower bottom. Make a 
strong frame for the hopper, with a strong, well braced 
tongue. 

"Take a pair of old mowing machine wheels of good size 
and with strong rachets in the hubs, and fit them to an axle 
of suitable length (about 10 feet) and 1% or l 1 /^ inches in 
diameter. The axle should be fitted with journals bolted to 
the under side of the frame. Make a reel to work inside the 
hopper by securing to the axle, 10 inches apart, short arms 
of %-inch by 1-inch iron and fastening to these arms four 
slats or beaters of %-inch by 3 /4-inch iron about an inch 
shorter than the inside of the hopper, the reel being so ad- 
justed that the beaters will almost scrape the bottom but 
will revolve freely between the sides. The diameter of the 
completed wheel is about 5 inches and it serves as a force 
feed." 

Dr. Hopkins also makes the following suggestions re- 
garding application : "In hauling and spreading limestone it 
is of first importance to save time and labor. As a rule it is 



—18— 

far more economical to purchase in bulk and have it ship- 
ped in box cars, although wetting will do no harm except to 
give trouble in spreading. Bags are expensive and easily 
damaged, and with tight wagon boxes they are wholly un- 
necessary. If bags must be used in handling the limestone 
the purchaser should bag it when hauling from the car. As 
a rule the plan should be to haul the limestone directly from 
the car to the field, transfer from the wagon to the spreader 
and spread at once upon the land. With a haul of two miles 
or less and with two men, one boy and two teams, with three 
wagons and one spreader, 40 tons of ground limestone can 
be taken from the car and spread over 10 or 20 acres of land 
in three days, providing the roads and other conditions are 
favorable, or 30 tons can be removed from the car in two 
days, the last two or three loads being kept on the wagons 
and spread the third day if necessary. When the haul is 
longer one or more additonal teams are needed on the road." 

USE OF LIMESTONE AND GREEN MANURES. 

One of the most economical methods of building up the 
nitrogen content of the soils of Missisippi is by growing a 
crop of legumes and plowing under the crop after it has 
reached the forage-crop degree of maturity. Of course it is 
more profitable to feed the legume crop to stock and return 
the barnyard manure to the soil. But on many farms suffi- 
cient stock is not fed and green manure may then become 
the most economical method of adding nitrogen to the soil. 
Most of the soils deficient in nitrogen are also deficient in- 
other plant foods. Some are deficient in lime, some in pot- 
ash and some in phosphorus and some in all three. Soils 
deficient in lime are acid or sour and the addition of green 
manure to such a soil would not be beneficial even if it were 
possible to successfully grow the crop of legumes used for 
the purpose. Some form of lime must be added to such a 



-19— 



soil before it can become productive. The best form of lime 
to use for such a purpose is ground limestone. It will serve 
to neutralize the acid in the soil and also the acids formed by 
the decomposition of the manure crop. The best time for its 
application is before the growing of the legume crop as the 
beneficial effects of the lime upon the soil produce a large 
crop of legumes. The amount of ground limestone to apply 
will depend upon the degree of acidty but it will usually re- 
quire from 2 to 4 tons per acre. 

If the soil is deficient in phosphorus this should be sup- 
plied in the form of ground phosphate rock before the grow- 
ing of the crop of legumes. Not much of the phosphorus 
will become available for the legume crop but a little will be- 
come available for the growth of the crop increased thereby. 
To assure the best growth of the legumes the soil ought to be 
inocculated with bacteria which will aid in the growth of the 
legume plant and in the fixing of nitrogen from the air. This 
inoculation may be made by the addition of barnyard ma- 
nure to the soil or by the addition of soil from a field where 
this legume had been successfully grown, or a pure culture 
of the organism may be applied to the seed of the legume be- 
fore planting. Closely allied legumes are the hosts of sim- 
ilar organisms and these are interchanageale for such 
plants. The soil prepared for mellilotus, alfalfa or burr 
clover may be inoculated with soil taken from the ' fields 
where any of these have been grown. In the same way the 
organisms of red clover, alsike, white clover and crimson 
clover are interchangeable ; those of the cowpea and the part- 
ridge pea ; and those of the common vetch and of the hairy 
vetch. 

Of the total nitrogen in leguminous plants about one- 
third is taken from the soil and two-thirds from the air. In 
alfalfa about 42 per cent of its total nitrogen content is con- 



—20— 

tained in its roots. So that the growing of alfalfa may in- 
crease the total nitrogen content of the soil even though the 
hay crop be removed each year. Red clover and crimson 
clover will come close to returning through their roots as 
much nitrogen as is taken from the soil during their growth. 
A legume like the cowpea has only six per cent of nitrogen 
in its roots and so takes out of the soil more than four times 
as much nitrogen as it restores through its roots. It is a 
fallacy to suppose that the growing of such a plant in a crop 
rotation in which the hay crop is removed will increase the 
total nitrogen content of the soil. 

Dr. Chas. F. Briscoe, Bacteriologist of the Agricultural 
and Mechanical College, has conducted some experiments to 
determine the bacteriological effect of green manure. He 
used alfalfa for the green manure. His conclusions are as 
follows: "1. There is a direct relation between bacterial 
count and the amount of organic matter added. 2. The 
quantitative bacteriological test and the vegetable test 
agree very uniformly. 3. A light dressing of stable manure 
with a green manure gives a marked effect as shown both by 
the crop grown and the bacterial counts. 4. The addition 
of a bacterial culture along with the green manure has as 
great an effect as the addition of the light dressing of stable 
manure which indicates that the benefit of the addition of 
the stable manure is due largely to the adidton of the bac- 
teria contained in the manure. 5. The addition of organic 
matter gives not only a larger growth but a better quality of 
feed as shown by the analysis for total nitrogen in the 
straw." 

Professor C. T. Ames of the Holly Springs Branch Ex- 
periment Station in conducting some experiments to deter- 
mine the value of liming in the growing of cowpeas found 
that the addition of 500 pounds of air-slack lime in drill in- 



—21— 

creased the amount of hay by 960 pounds and the number of 
bushels of peas by 8 bushels ; that the addition of 500 pounds 
of crushed limestone per acre increased the yield of hay by 
1,280 pounds and the number of bushels of peas by 5.5 bush- 
els per acre; and that the addition of 2,000 pounds of air- 
slack lime broadcast increased the yield of hay per acre by 
1,660 pounds and the number of bushels of peas by 5 bush- 
els per acre. In discussing these tests Professor Ames says : 
"One application of lime, at the rate of two tons of crushed 
stone or one ton of air-slack lime per acre, will increase the 
yield of most legumes each year for several years. Lime 
will give better results when used under leguminous crops ; 
however, on these soils, almost any crop will respond to the 
use of lime. * * * In 1912 at this Station, the yield of 
seed cotton was increased from 600 pounds on unlimed land 
to 820 pounds on soils that were limed, and the same year 
the yield of corn was increased 13 bushels per acre by the 
use of lime; that is, the unlimed soils produced 57 bushels 
per acre and the limed soils in the same test 70 bushels per 
acre. * * * We have adopted the practice of applying 
lime in the fall on land that has recently been turned and 
harrowing it in thoroughly so as to incorporate it with the 
soil. Such a method has proven satisfactory. * * * The 
successful growing of alfalfa here may be summed up in the 
following: Lime, fertility, inoculation and fall planting. 
Lime should be applied the fall before at the rate of from 2 
to 4 tons per acre on land that was broken for this purpose. 
This would be a fine time to add from 10 to 20 loads of ma- 
nure per acre. Plant this land the next spring in some 
short-lived crop such as cowpeas, potatoes, or beans ; remove 
the crop early in July ; turn the land very shallow and keep 
well harrowed until seed are sown. Plant 25 pounds of seed 
per acre, after rain, from the last of August to the middle 
of October, and harrow in. The seed bed should be firm. 



—22— 

Three or four hundred pounds of soil from a well establish- 
ed alfalfa field will furnish sufficient incoulating material 
for one acre. Sow this soil on the land at seed planting and 
harrow in with the seed. You should get the first cutting of 
hay by the middle of May the next season, and this cutting 
should pay you for all the expense you have had, except the 
manure'." Bulletin No. 165. 



LIMESTONE IN MISSISSIPPI SUITABLE FOR AGRI- 
CULTURAL USE. 

Mississippi contains a number of limestones suitable 
for grinding and applying to soils. In the northeastern part 
of the State, particularly in Tishomingo County, there are 
beds of limestone belonging to the Devonian and to the Mis- 
sissippian periods. A little to the west extending from Cor- 
inth to Macon and beyond there is a belt of soft limestone 
called the Selma chalk which is suitable for agricultural pur 
poses. Lying west of the Selma chalk between Houston and 
Ripley are the Ripley marls which can be used locally. Bor- 
dering the Selma and the Ripley areas on the west is the 
Clayton limestone which can be used for liming purposes. 
Through the central part of the State extending from Vicks- 
burg to Wanyesboro is the outcrop of the Vicksburg lime- 
stone and the marls which are associated with it. This for- 
mation contains beds of marl and layers of limestone which 
are suitable for use in the liming of lands. These limestones 
and marls vary in the percentage of lime carbonate and oth- 
er plant food which they contain. They also vary in the de- 
gree of hardness and the ease with which they can be crush- 
ed. As a rule the Selma marl is the most easily crushed and 
the others stand in this order, Ripley, Clayton and Vicks- 



—23— 

burg about the same hardness, the Devonian and the sub- 
Carboniferous (Mississippian) the hardest. 

The table on the following page exhibits the amount of 
phosphorus, potassium, and lime in some of the limestones 
and marls of Mississippi. 



—24— 



TABLE NO. 1. 



Showing the per cent and pounds per ton of phosphoric 
acid, potash, lime and lime carbonate in Mississippi lime- 
stone. 



Showing the Percent and Pounds Per Ton of Phosphoric Acid, Potash, 
Lime and Lime Carbonate in 
MISSISSIPPI LIMESTONE. 



Locality Acid 

i Phosphoric| 
|P. C. | Lbs.| 

Baldwyn |0.51 |10.2 

Bear Creek |0.1325| 2.65 

Brandon |0.0425| .85 

Brandon |0.12 | 2.40 

Brooksville j 0.36 | 7.20 

Booneville 1 0.6325112. 65i 



Potash 



Corinth |0.3775 

Corinth |0.3325 

Crawford |0.27 

Crawford ._ |0.3725 

Indian Creek |0.1925 

Jackson j 0.175 

Jackson 0.2625 

Macon |0.2725 

Macon [0.14 

Macon J0.165 

Okolona |0.235 

Okolona, |0.1552| 

Okolona |0.185 

Okolona |0.3575 

Plymouth |0.195 

Plymouth |0.19 

Waynesoro j 0.135 

Van Vleet |0.31 

Van Vleet |0.1625 

Van Vleet [0.1375 



7.55 

6.65 

5.4 

7.45 

3.85 

3.50 

5.25 

5.45 

2.80 

3.3 

4.7 

3>05| 



3.7 


7.15 


3.9 


3.8 


2.7 


6.2 


3.25 


2.75 



P. c. 

|0.3080375 

0.0265375 

0.178525 

0.062725 

[0.275025 

0.193 

0.207475 

0.390825 

0.1351 

0.313625 

0.08926 

0.197825 

0.26035 

0.197325 

0.18476 

0.154'? 

0.190545 

0.043425 

0.08685 

0.0554975 

0.207475 

0.159225 

0.05996 

0.1351 

0.16646 

0.07735 



| Lbs 
6.16 
.53 
3.57 
1.25 
|5.50 
3.86 
4.15 
7.81 
2,70 
6.27 
1.78 
3.95 
5.21 
3.96 
3.69 
3.09 
3.81 
0.86 
1.73 
1.109 
4.15 
3.18 
1.19 
2.7 
3.33 
1.55 



Lime Lime 

| Carbonate 



P. C 

29.74 
29.44 
46.04 
48.08 
44.50 
41.52 
24.20 
28.76 
46.28 
39.58 
29.60 
11.40 
14.93 
41.36 
41.44 
43.58 
45.88 
35.67 
44.66 
41.44 
30.18 



P. C 

52.94 
52.40 
81.95 
85.58 
79.21 
73.90 
43.07 
51.19 
82.37 
70.45 
52.68 
20.29 
26.57 
73.62 
73.76 
77.57 
81.66 
63.49 
79.49 
73.76 
53.72 



24.40143.43 
14.48|25.77 
25.66|45.67 
40.98J72.94 
41.97l74.70 



Lbs. 
1958.8 
1048.0 
1639.0 
1711.6 
1655.14 
1478.0 
861.4 
1023.8 
1647.4 
1409.0 
1053.6 
405.8 
1472.4 
1472.4 
1475.2 
1551.4 
1633.2 
1269.8 
1589.8 
1475.2 
1074.4 
868.6 
515.4 
913.4 
1458.8 
1494.0 



—25— 

THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF MISSISSIPPI 
CONTAINING LIME. 

There are a number of geological formations in Missis- 
sippi that contain calcareous (limey) matter or marls. 
These vary as to the amount of lime and the proportions of 
other substances. They vary also in degree of hardness and 
hence in the ease with which they may be crushed and pre- 
pared for agricultural purposes. Some of the salient facts 
regarding these formations are given in the following para- 
graphs : 

Devonian. — The Devonian period of geological time is 
represented in Mississippi by formations consisting of 
shales and limestones. The area of outcrop of these forma- 
tions is small and is confined to bluffs of the Tennessee River 
in Tishomingo County. The limestone is a bluish-gray rock 
of almost flint-like fracture and of considerable hardness. 
Exposures occur on Yellow Creek near its mouth, on Whet- 
stone Creek near Short, near Old Eastport on the bluff of 
the Tennessee River, at Bluff Spring and on Goodman and 
Indian Creeks. The limestone attains a thickness of 40 feet 
or more and consists of layers of dark, compact, non-fossili- 
f erous rock. The individual layers attain a thickness of eight 
or more feet and are intersected by numerous joint planes. 
The following table gives the analysis of four samples of De- 
vonian limestones from Tishomingo county, 1 and 3 from In- 
dian Creek and 2 and 4 from Old East Port.' 1 and 2 were 
reported by Dr. E. W. Hilgard and 3 and 4 by Dr. W. F. 
Hand. 



—27— 
TABLE NO. 2. 

ANALYSES OF DEVONIAN LIMESTONE FROM TISHOMINGO 

COUNTY. 

Insoluble matter (SiO*) 54.201 35.281 42.00 48.18 

....Alumina (A1 2 3 ) 1.064 1.914 1.98 3.43 

Iron oxide (Fe,0 3 ) 0.903 1.581 6.02 3.13 

Lime (CaO) 23.247 32.603 23.25 39.47 

Magnesia (MgO) 0.788 0.630 0.27 3.19 

Carbonic acid (CO.) 15.572 27.643 24.10 5.06 

Organic matter and water .... 3.752 0.40 0.40 

Potash (K 2 0) 0.473 0.348 

Sulphur tricxide (SO :: ) 1.50 2.23 

Another sample of limestone from Indian Creek con- 
tained 29.60% of CaO and 52.68% of calcium carbonate. 
Since the highest percentage of lime carbonate shown by any 
of these samples is about 70^ this limestone is not as good 
for liming purposes as some other limestones. It would 
have the advantage of remaining in the soil for a longer per- 
iod since it disintegrates less rapidly than some other lime- 
stones of the State. 

Lower Carboniferous. Overlying the Devonian for- 
mations in Tishomingo County and outcropping in a small 
area in Itawamba County are beds of shale, sandstone and 
limestones of lower carboniferous age. The best exposures 
of the limestone are along the banks of Bear River and on a 
small creek entering Cypress Pond near Mingo Bridge. The 
bed of limestone exposed has a visible thickness of 15 feet 
but the total thickness is not exposed. One of the layers is 
broken up into large quadrangular blocks which have a 
thickness of seven feet. This limestone contains some bitu- 
minous matters, which ignites after being held for a short 
time in a flame. When heated, sufficient bitumen exudes to 
change the color from gray to balck. The table given below 



—28— 
exhibits the composition of a sample of the limestone : 

TABLE NO. 3. 

ANALYSIS OF CYPRESS POND LIMESTONE. 

Constituent. Per cent. 

Moisture 1.10 

Volatile matter (C0 2 ) 27.00 

Silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ) 10.91 

Iron oxide (Fe,0 ;! ) 5.00 

Aluminum oxide (A1 2 3 ) 8.71 

Calcium oxide (CaO) 47.06 

Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.16 

Sulphur trioxide (SO*) 0.85 

Since this limestone contains about 84.03% of calcium 
carbonate from the standpoint of lime content it is one of the 
best limestones in the State. It is not as easily crushed and 
not as readily soluble as some others. 

TABLE NO. 3a. 

Analysis of Limestone from Cypress Pond. Collected y C. F. 
Wagner, Iuka, April, 1916: 

Per cent 

Moisture 0.06 

Lime (CaO) 55.96 

Calcium Carbonate, CaC0 3 (Calculated) 99.86 

Selma Chalk. — The most widely distributed and the 
most abundant lime-bearing formation is the Selma chalk 
of the Upper Cretaceous system. This formation is for the 
most part a fine-grained chalk or chalk marl. The outcrop 
of this formation extends from the northern line of the State 
in vicinity of Corinth to Kemper County on the south, occu- 
pying a strip of territory varying from 30 to 50 miles in 
width. 

On unweathered surfaces the rock has a bluish tint but 
weathers white or yellow. The amount of calcium carbonate 
varies in different parts of the area but as a rule increases 
toward the west and toward the south. The thickness also 
increases toward the west and toward the south. In the 



—29— 

northeastern part of the area the total thickness is less than 
100 feet while in the extreme southwestern portion it reach- 
es a thousand feet in thickness. The Selma chalk in many 
places contains minerals of potassium and of phosphorus, 
which add to the fertility of the soil when the limestone is 
applied to the land. 

Ripley Marls. — The Ripley formation of the Upper 
Cretaceous system borders the Selma chalk on the west in 
the northern part of its outcrop. It extends from the north 
line of the State above Ripley to Houston on the south, oc- 
cupying the strip of territory known as the Pontotoc Ridge. 
The marl is a highly fossiliferous sand clay which in some 
places passes into a layer of shell rock of a sandy nature. 
The marl contains grains of glauconite which contribute to 
the fertility of the soils formed from the decomposition of 
this rock. 

The Calcareous Claiborne. — Beds of greenish marl con- 
taining large numbers of shells occur in the upper portion of 
the Claiborne formation of the Eocene epoch of the Ter- 
tiary period in Mississippi. In some places the percentage 
of lime is sufficiently high to render the marl valuable for 
local liming purposes, though if it had to be transported by 
rail, it would be more economical to use a rock containing a 
higher percent of lime carbonate. The outcrop of this for- 
mation occupies the central part of the State in a line run- 
ning from Yazoo County to Clarke County. 

Silicious Claiborne. — At Vaiden there is a green sand 
exposed in some railroad cuts south of town. A heavy pur- 
plish-brown clay forms the principal part of the outcrop 
with thinner layers of green sand. The grains of the sand 
are dark green and yellowish-green in color. An analysis of 
a sample of the sand was made by Dr. Hilgard with the 
following results : 



—30— 
TABLE NO. 4. 

VAIDEN (SHONGALO) .GREENS AND. 

Coarse sand, and insoluble silica 36.707 

Soluble (in Na0 2 CO.,) silica 18,296 

Potash 1.604 

Soda 0.045 

Lime 0.166 

Magnesia 1.630 

Peroxide of iron, with little alumina 34.377 

Phosphoric acid trace 

Carbonic acid 0.129 

Water 7.012 

Total 99.948 

The percentage of lime in this rock is too low to make it 
of use as a liming material and the other fertilizing constit- 
uents are hardly abundant enough to make it of value when 
applied to the soil. 

The Jackson Marls. — Calcareous matter is sufficiently 
abundant in certain parts of the Jackson formation to ren- 
der it useful locally for liming purposes. The formation 
borders the calcareous Claiborne on the south. It consists 
of beds of sand, clay and marls. The marls contain the 
shells and bones of marine animals. Outcrops occur on the 
Pearl River at Jackson, at Brandon and other places. 

The Vicksburg Limestone. — The Vicksburg limestone 
belongs to the Oligocene epoch of the Tertiary period. The 
lime of its outcrop parallels the Jackson formation on the 
south, extending from Vicksburg to Waynesboro. It con- 
sists of beds of limestone and marls. Typical exposures occur 
at Vicksburg, Brandon and Byrum. Exposures of limestone 
occur in the bluff of the river at Vicksburg. In the exposures 
along the river front, there are five or six layers of limestone 
interbedded with marl and clay. They overlie dark colored 
clays and sands. The limestone varies in thickness in the 
different ledges and even in the same ledge. The individual 



—31— 

layers are from 1 to 6 feet thick. The following table gives 
the chemical composition of Vicksburg limestone from a 
number of exposures : 

TABLE NO. 5. 

ANALYSES OF VICKSBURG LIMESTONE. 

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 

Moisture 40 1.00 1.79 2.10 

Volatile matter (COi) 37.22 35.20 35.40 33.16 

Silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ) 7.08 7.31 6.77 14.88 

Iron oxide (Fe 2 3 ) 2.50 4.00 2.00 3.59 

Aluminum oxide (Al a O s ) 61 13.66 4.68 5.70 

Calcium oxide (CaO) 50.44 36.62 45.51 36.86 

Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.07 .29 .64 .99 

Sulphur trioxide (SO,) 38 2.78 3.00 .25 

Total ■ 99.70 100.86 99.79 97.72 

Sample No. 1 is from Warren County ; No. 2 and No. 3 
are from Wayne County, and No. 4 is from Rankin County. 

At Brandon, in Rankin County, there are some excel- 
lent exposures of Vicksburg limestone. On the Robinson 
place, 4 miles southeast of Brandon, there is a stone quarry 
in which six layers of limestone are found interbedded with 
marl in the following stratigraphic order : 

TABLE NO. 6. 

Section of Vicksburg at Robinson Quarry, Near Brandon. 

13. Soil and decomposed rock 2 

12. Limestone I-IY2 

11. Marl 1 

10. Lmestone 2 

9. Marl - - 2 

8. Limestone 1 % 

7. Marl 1 % 

6. Limestone % - - - Wz-I 

5. Marl 2 

4. Limestone 2 

3. Marl - 1 % 



-32- 



2. Limestone 2 

1. Marl : 2 

The limestone is bluish on fresh fractures but weathers 
white. It is fossiliferous, containing abundant evidence of 
marine life. 

Grand Gulf and Pascagoula Formations. — These con- 
sist of clays, silicious clay stones, quartzites, impure lignites, 
sands, gravels, and to a limited extent of shell beds and 
marls. The lime in the marls ranges from less than one per 
cent to 12 per cent, the magnesia from 1 to 2 per cent; the 
potash from y± to 1^4%; the phosphoric acid from .10 to 
.15%. A shell marl outcropping at Lyman, Harrison Coun- 
ty, is typical of the marls of these formations. It is a dark- 
colored sandy clay with oyster and other shells thickly 
imbedded within it. The shells have undergone but little 
change since they were deposited, except that they are par- 
tially disintegrated and rapidly crumble when exposed to 
the weather. 



—34— 

HOW TO DETECT SOIL ACIDITY. 

The Litmus Test for Soils. By Dr. Hopkins. 

Any one can make a very satisfactory and trustworthy 
test for soil acidity with very little trouble or expense., Lit- 
mus is an organic coloring matter which is red in acids and 
blue in alkalies, and sensitive blue litmus paper is prepared 
by moistening absorbent paper with litmus disolved in a 
very dilute solution of alkali. This dried paper can be pur- 
chased in small packages of 25 or 50 strips for ten cents, 
preferably in small vials for better preparation. 

For the test, make a ball of moist soil, break it in two, 
insert a strip of sensitive blue litmus paper and press to- 
gether firly. After five or ten minutes open the ball and 
examine the paper. If it has changed from blue to pink or 
red, the soil is acid. If the soil is moderately dry the change 
in color may appear only in spots, or greater pressure and 
more time may be required. The rapidity of change and in- 
tensity of color developed indicate to some extent the rela- 
tive degree of acidity. It is very important to test the sub- 
soil as well as the surface soil, for if the subsoil is strongly 
acid then the capillary moisture which rises in time of 
drought will tend to carry increased acidity to the surface, 
whereas if the subsoil contains lime the rising moisture will 
tend to neutralize the surface acidity and this may even 
save the life of such plants as clover during a critical period. 

If the blue litmus paper is not reddened, the soil may 
be either alkaline or neutral ; that is, it may or may not con- 
tain limestone. 

WHEN TO USE LIME. 

Ground limestone never injures soils, crops or fertili- 
zers. 



—35— 

In general it may be said that the best time to apply 
ground limestone is on a growing small grain crop which is 
to be followed by cow peas, soy beans, peanuts or corn. 

Where bermuda pastures are disked in the fall, lime- 
stone can be profitably applied ; and this is still more the 
case where vetch, bur or other clovers, or lespedeza is to be 
grown with the bermuda. 

HOW MUCH TO APPLY. 

The best experience proves that an application of two to 
three tons of ground limestone per acre followed by a second 
application of two tons per acre in two years, and thereafter 
two tons every four years will maintain a proper lime con- 
tent of the soil. 

HOW TO APPLY LIMESTONE. 

Ground limestone should be applied broadcast, either by 
a lime spreader, or from the wagon hauling it, on freshly 
broken ground or on growing small grain, and then harrow- 
ed well into the soil. It should never be plowed under. 

PHYSICAL EFFECT OF LIME ON SOILS. 

The physical effect of lime on clay soils makes it less 
likely to bake, easier to work, and more porous, by holding 
together the very fine particles of clay soils ; while on sandy 
soil the opposite effect is true ; it holds the large particles to- 
gether, thus retaining the moisture longer. The land is al- 
so made sweet and wholesome; conditions which are most 
favorable to the growth of grain and legumes. 

FORMS OF LIME. 

Carbonate of Lime is the unburned limestone pulverized 
to a very fine powder. Its value for agricultural purposes 



—36— 

depends on its fineness and percentage of calcium contained. 

Hydrated lime, often called slacked lime, is manufactur- 
ed by first burning the rock in a kiln and then removing it 
to cool. 

The farmer should know how much calcium oxide, and 
how much impurities are in his lime, and should pay for the 
same on a basis of the amount of calcium oxide contained. 

THE NECESSITY OF LIMING. 

All the Agricultural Experiment Stations throughout 
the country have demonstrated that lime must be added be- 
fore the full capacity of soil for crop production can be rea- 
lized and that not only do manures and fertilizers fail to per- 
form the functions of lime, but that the full effect of ma- 
nuring and fertilizing is not attained until lime is added. 

The Stations' experiments have demonstrated conclu- 
sively that lime applied to the corn crop returns its cost at 
least twice over in its direct effect upon that crop and those 
immediately following in rotation, while the indirect effect 
upon subsequent crops through the greater growth of clover 
produced by the liming may amount to nearly or quite as 
much more. 

LIME BUILDS PLANT TISSUE. 

There was a time when lime was valued only as an acid 
neutralier or soil sweetner, then experts did not know of 
its fertilizing qualities. Now lime is known to be a fertili- 
zer — a real plant food. If you desire proof of this, have 
your crops analyzed. 

READ WHAT GOVERNMENT EXPERTS SAY. 

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station "Bulletin No. 
159" says Lime is absolutely indespensable to growth of 



—37— 

plants." No fertilizer, nor combination of fertilizers, has 
materially increased the yield, except when used in con- 
junction with lime. 

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station "Bulletin 
No. 187" says: "Liming is the best remedy for diseases 
which attack certain crops." "Lime acts upon the insoluble 
potash and liberates it, making it available for the growth 
of plants." 

Virginia Truck Experiment Station "Bulletin No. 1" 
says: "Much fertilizer is wasted because the crops cannot 
use it until lime is supplied." 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station "Bulletin 
No. 165 says : "One application of lime, at the rate of 2 tons 
of crushed stone or 1 ton of air slacked lime per acre, will 
increase the yield of most legumes each year for several 
years. Lime will give better results when used under le- 
guminous crops, however, on these soils almost any crop will 
respond to the use of lime. 

"In 1912 at this Station, the yield of seed cotton was in- 
creased from 600 pounds on unlimed land to 820 pounds on 
soils that were limed, and the same year the yield of corn 
was increased 13 bushels per acre by the use of lime ; that 
is, the unlimed soils produced 57 bushels and the limed soils 
in the same test produced 70 bushels per acre." 

VALUE OF LIME ON VARIOUS CROPS. 

Alfalfa: The influence of liming on the increased 
growth of alfalfa is noted by all agricultural writers, where 
soils are not of limestone origin. 

In preparing land for alfalfa, at least half of the total 
amount of lime should be used in the spring of the year be- 
fore the alfalfa is planted, preferably on small grain crop to 



—38- 



be followed by cow peas, which should be turned under. 

Clover: Attains maximum yields only in well limed 
soils. 

Cotton: Farmers should make it a rule to apply lime 
at least once every four years to their cotton soils. In order 
that cotton shall derive the greatest benefit from lime, the 
application should be made where a crop of cow peas, soy 
beans, velvet beans is to be grown, to be followed by cotton. 
On any soil needing lime which is richan vegetable matter, 
lime should be applied on the freshly broken soil as far 
ahead of the actual planting of the cotton as the work of the 
farm will permit. 

Corn : That corn is benefitted by application of lime to 
the soil, is proven by the experiment made at Holly Springs 
Experiment Station as recorded in Bulletin No. 165, which 
shows an increase of 13 bushels per acre by the use of lime. 

It is a known fact that corn grows better where there is 
an associated crop of legumes. The incorporation of large 
amounts of vegetable matter in the soil will be imperative, 
and cheaply supplied by growing early maturing velvet 
beans in the drill with the corn, and a heavy seeding of peas 
in the middle when the crop is laid-by. It does not pay to 
plow under such a crop if there are cattle or hogs on the 
farm to graze it down. 

Small Grain — Oats : The beneficial effects of lime on 
these crops is well established. Rye, oats and wheat give 
larger yields where the soil has been limed. 

Where lime can not be applied to the soil before plant- 
ing a small grain crop, it should be applied on the growing 




COL. W. A. MONTGOMERY, Trustee, First District. 



—41— 

crop and harrowed thoroughly. Cow peas, peanuts or soy 
beans should follow the grain crop. 

Soy Beans: Like the great majority of legumes, it does 
its best in well-limed soils. Soy beans make a profitable ad- 
dition to the corn crop, and larger yields of corn are made 
where soy beans are planted in the drill with the corn. This 
will not prevent the planting of peas in the middles when the 
crop is laid-by. 

Many farmers grow soy beans to be hogged off. Hogs 
make heavy gains on this pasturage, but the meat is soft, 
and requires finishing. If corn, with velvet beans and cow 
peas were grown also, to be grazed and hogged off, and the 
hogs turned on after grazing soy beans, a very superior 
pork should be the result. 

When hogs are first turned on soy beans, they should be 
allowed to grae them only about two or three hours a day, 
and then turned on a grass pasture. It takes time for a hog 
to accommodate itself to the high-protein content of soy 
beans, and a great waste of valuable feed will result where 
they are turned on these crops all day from the start. Later, 
the number of hours a day they are allowed to graze may be 
lengthened, but always it will be found better to turn them 
on grass, or corn, velvet beans and cow peas part of the day. 

Peas and Beans : Lime has a decided beneficial effect 
on peas, soy beans, velvet beans as well as garden peas and 
garden beans. 

Lespedeza: It has been ascertained by Mississippi 
farmers, in the boll-weevil district, that while this most ex- 
cellent pasture and hay grass is an acid-resistant it reaches 
maximum production only on lime soils. It is a natural soil 
bulder, and a great gatherer of nitrogen from the air. 



-42— 



GOOD SUGGESTIONS. 

Broadcast limestone on lands to be planted to cotton or 
corn, if it can not be used when the land is broken. Culti- 
vation afterwards will distribute it in the soil. 

If lime can not be applied before seeding the oat crop 
broadcast it on the growing oats. The first rain will carry 
it into the soil. 

Don't plow under entire green crops without using lime- 
stone, as they tend to make soils sour, and can not, in the 
nature of things, give the highest profit on unlimed soils. 
Use limestone in your stalls as an absorbent. Unlike burnt 
lime, it does not liberate ammonia. 

When lands have been limed, give the land a square 
meal in the shape of an entire crop of cow peas, clovers, 
vetch or velvet beans. The difference between rich soil and 
poor soil is humus, and this plan provides humus of the 
highest quality. 

Sprinkle a little crushed limestone on the cattle and 
hog feed. It takes lime and phosphorus to make the big 
bone, big muscled, healthy animal. Poultry will do better if 
they have plenty of limestone in their scratchfeed. 

A limestone spreader is a fine investment. More uni- 
form distribution and a saving in limestone follows its use. 

Determine to get more for your labor and investment. 
Make up your mind to lime your lands before planting it to 
legumes, and inoculate your legumes so you will get more 
growth and more nitrates. 

In a lecent article from the U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture issued by Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of 
Agriculture, we take the following: 

"It may safely be said, I believe, that if all sources of 
artificial chemical fertilizers failed, our total farm output in 



—43— 

many sections could not only be maintained, but even in- 
creased for a considerable time simply by the application of 
lime to acreages that now are low in yield or lying fallow be- 
cause they are too sour to grow profitable crops. Lime can 
and should be put on all sour land. By a plentiful use of lime 
we can, figuratively speaking, make our 'war bread' of 
'stones.' 

"The initial returns from the application of lime to sour 
land are sometimes remarkable. An investment in lime- 
stone often pays a dividend of one hundred per cent or more 
the first year, if care is taken at the same time to maintain 
the organic content of the soil. 

"It is the duty of American farmers, in this national 
crisis, to make the most of this, our cheapest and most eas- 
ily available agency for speeding up production. War or no 
war, a car load of crushed limestone where needed is always 
money in the farmers' pocket at the end of the crop year. 
And a car-load of limestone, judiciously used by each farmer 
whose land is too acid, will augment our supply of bread- 
stuffs by a surprising number of millions of bushels." 



HOW TO ORDER. 

The limestone plants being under the control and man- 
agement of the Mississippi State Penitentiary, all orders 
should be addressed to them at Jackson, Miss. 

The board is required to furnish the farmers of the 
State crushed limestone at actual cost. It is costing the 
penitentiary at present, One Dollar per ton delivered on the 
cars at the plants, therefore, this will be the price unless the 
cost is either reduced or advanced. 

All orders will receive prompt attention. 



—44— 

SOME THINGS THE FARMERS SHOULD KNOW. 

From Henry's "Feed & Feeding" we learn that the av- 
erage value of the manure produced by each horse in a year 
is worth $27.00, each head of cattle $37.50, each hog, $3.30. 

Figure this against the number of stock you keep, and 
you will find the value of the manure produced on your 
place. 



TO LAY OFF SMALL LOTS OF LAND. 

Farmers and gardeners often find it necessary to lay off 
small portions of land for the purpose of experimenting with 
different crops, fertilizers, etc. To such the following rule 
will be helpful : 

One acre contains 160 square rods, or 4840 yards, or 
43,560 square feet. To measure off one acre it will take 
208 7-10 feet each way. One half acre it will take 147V 2 feet 
each way. One-third of an acre it will take 104% feet each 
way. One-eighth acre it will take 73% feet each way. 

NUMBER OF CORDS IN A PILE OF WOOD. 

A cord of wood is a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet wide and 4 
feet high, and contains 128 cubic feet. 

RULE : — Multiply the length in feet by the width in 
feet and that result by the height in feet and divide the pro- 
duct by 128 and you have the number of cords. 

EXAMPLE : — How many cords in a pile of wood 4 feet 
wide 7 feet high and 24 feet long? 

SOLUTION :— 4x7x24— 672 cubic feet. 672^128=5y 4 . 
cords. 

NUMBER OF SHINGLES REQUIRED FOR A ROOF 

RULE : — Multiply the length of the ridge pole by twice 
the length of one rafter, and if the shingles are to be exposed 



—45— 

4i/ 2 inches to the weather, multiply by 8, and if exposed 5 
inches to the weather multiply by 7 1-5, and you have the 
number of shingles. 

Shingles are usually 16 inches long and 4 inches wide, 
and put up in bundles of 250 each. One bundle of 16 inch 
shingles will cover 30 square feet. When laid 5 inches to 
the weather, 5 lbs of 4-penny nails or 3% pounds of 3-penny 
nails will lay 1000 shingles. 

TO FIND NUMBER OF BUSHELS OF GRAIN IN BIN. 

RULE : — Multiply the length in feet by the height in 
feet, and then again by the breadth in feet, and then again 
by 8, and cut off the right hand figure. The last result will 
be the number of bushels. 

EXAMPLE:— How many bushels in a bin 12 feet 
long, 8 feet wide and 4 feet high ? 

SOLUTION :— 12x18x4x8=307.2 bushels— Answer. 

TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF A WAGON BED. 

A common wagon bed is a little more than 10 feet long 
and 3 feet wide, and will hold bout two bushels for every 
inch in depth. 

RULE : — Multiply the depth of the wagon bed in inches 
by 2, and you have the number of bushels. 

A bushel to the inch is calculated for corn on the cob. 

AMOUNT OF BARBED WIRE REQUIRED FOR FENCES 

Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required 
to fence space or distance mentioned, with one, two or three 
lines of wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one 
rod (161/2 feet.) 



—46— 

1 line 2 lines 3 lines 

1 Square acre 50 3-4 lbs. - 101 1-8 lbs. 152-lbs 

1 side of square acre 12 2-3 lbs. 25 1-2 lbs. 38-lbs 

1 square half acre 36 lbs. 72' lbs. 108-lbs 

1 square mile 1280 lbs. 2560 lbs. 3840-lbs 

NAILS REQUIRED IN CARPENTER WORK. 

To case and hang one door 1-lb 

To case and hang one window 1,4 -lb 

Base 100 lineal feet 1-lb 

To put on Rafters, Joists, etc 3-lbs to 1000 ft. 

To put up studdings .....3-lbs to 1000 ft. 

To lap a 6-inch floor 15-lbs to 1000 ft. 

NUMBER OF NAILS TO THE POUND. 

3 penny, 1 3-8 inches... 480 

4 penny, 1 1-2 inches 300 

6 penny, 2 inches 160 

8 penny, 2 1-2 inches , 92 

10 penny, .3 inches 60 

12 penny, 3 1-4 inches 44 

20 penny, 4 inches 24 

40 penny, 5 inches 14 

TO FIND THE WEIGHT OF LIVE STOCK BY 
MEASUREMENT: 

The only instrument necessary is a measure with feet 
and inches marked upon it. 

The girth is the circumference of the animal just be- 
hind the shoulder blades. The superficial feet are obtained 
by multiplying the girth and length. 

The following table contains the rule to ascertain the 
weight of the animal: 

If less than one foot in girth, multiply superficial feet 
by 8. 

If less than three and more than one, multiply superfi- 
cial feet by 11. 

If less than five and more than three, multiply the su- 
perficial feet by 16. 



—47— 

If less than seven and more than five, multiply superfi- 
cial feet by 23. 

If less than nine and more than seven, multiply the su- 
perficial feet by 23. 

If less than eleven and more than nine, multiply the su- 
perficial feet by 42. 

EXAMPLE : — Suppose the girth of a steer to be six 
feet three inches, length five feet six inches, the superficial 
feet will be 34, and in accordance with the table, the weight 
will be 782 pounds. 

Table showing amount of Hay or its equivalent required 
each day for every one hundred pounds an animal weighs : 

Working Horses 3.08 lbs. 

Working Oxen 2.40 lbs. 

Milch Cows 2.25 to 2.40 lbs. 

Dry Cows * 2.42 lbs. 

Young growing cattle 3.08 lbs. 

Sheep 3.00 lbs 

Number of Trees or Plants for an acre of ground set at 
regular distances apart : 

Distance No. of Plants 

3 feet by 3 feet - 4,840 

3% feet by 3% feet - 3,555 

4 feet by 4 feet 2,722 

10 feet by 10 feet 435 

15 feet by 15 feet , 193 

20 feet by 20 feet 108 

Quantity Qf Seed Required to Plant an Acre: 
Kind of Seed Quantity. 

Barley 2% bu. 

Beans, Bush, in drills 2% feet 1% bu. 

Beans, Pole or Lima 20 qts. 

Beets, in drills 2% feet 9 lbs. 

Broom Corn, in drills 12 lbs. 

Cabbage, outside for transplanting 12' ozs. 

Clover, White Dutch 13 lbs. 



Clover, Lucerne 10 lbs. 

Clover, Red 10 lbs 

Clover, Red with Timothy 12 lbs. 

Corn, Sugar 8 qts. 

Corn, Field 10 qts. 

Grass, Orchard 25 qts. 

Grass, Red Top 20 qts. 

Melons, Water in hills 8x8 ft 3 lbs. 

Oats 2V 2 bu. 

Pumpkin, in hills 8x8 ft 2 qts. 

Peas, in drills 1 to 1% bu. 

Peas, broadcast 2 to 3 bu. 

Rye, Broadcast 1% bu. 

Turnips, in drills 2 feet ...3 lbs. 

Turnips, Broadcast 3 lbs. 

Wheat, in drills - 1% bu. 

Wheat, Brosdcast 2 bu. 

Number of years se2ds retain their vitality: 

Melon - - 8 to 10 years 

'Pumpkin 8 to 10 years 

Squash 8 to 10 years 

Pea 5 to 6 years 

Radishes ----4 to 5 years 

Beets 3 to 4 years 

Lettuce - - 3 to 4 years 

Mustard 3 to 4 years 

Okra 3 to 4 years 

Turnips .—3 to 6 years 

Beans 2 to 3 years 

Corn on cob —.2 to 3 years 

Tomato .."..... 2 to 3 years 

Weight of Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone and Metal : 

Brass, gun metal 543 lbs. 

Brick, common 102 lbs. 

Copper 547 lbs. 

Clay 120 lb? 

Coal 56 lbs. 

Earth, loose 94 lbs. 

Iron, cast 450 lbs. 

Lead, cast 702 pis. 

Mortar 110 lbs. 

Mud 102 lbs. 

Live Oak, 'seasoned 67 lbs. 





HON. J. F. THAMES, Trustee, Second District. 



—51— 

Pine, yellow 34 lbs. 

Hickory 52 lbs. 

Stone, common 158 lbs. 

Sand, when wet 128 lbs. 

Hay, in bales 9 lbs. 

Hay, pressed 25 lbs. 

HOW TO PRESERVE EGGS. 

To each pail full of water, add two pints of fresh slack- 
ed lime, and one pint of common salt; mix well. Fill a bar- 
rel half full with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any 
time after June, and they will keep two years if desired. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER. 

Cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease 
from washable fabrics. 

Fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them 
into boiling water for a minute. 

Milk that has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit 
for use again by stirring in a little soda. 

Kerosine, or coal oil, will soften boots and shoes that 
have been hardened by water, and will render them as pli- 
able as new. 

One teaspoon of ammonia to a teacup of water applied 
with a rag will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly. 

Charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gasses in 
the milk room where foul gasses are present. It should be 
freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in 
hot weather. 

Apply kerosine, or coal oil, with a rag to your stoves 
when taken down for the summer. It will keep them from 
rusting. Treat your farming tools in the same manner 
when you lay them aside in the fall. 



—52— 

A teaspoon of borax put in the last water in which 
clothes are rinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound 
the borax so it will dissolve readily. 

HOW TO START A BALKY HORSE. 

Take the horse out of the shafts and make him go 
around in a circle till he is giddy. You will not have to do 
it more than twice. 

HOW TO MEASURE TIMBER AND LUMBER. 

To ascertain the number of cubic feet in round timber, 
find the average circumference by adding the circumference 
of the larger and smaller ends, and dividing by 2, multiply 
the square of one-fourth of this average circumference by 
the length in feet ; the result gives four-fifths of the real con- 
tents in cubic feet, one-fifth being customarily allowed to 
the purchaser for waste in sawing. 

To measure square timber, multiply the width by the 
thickness in inches, this product by the length in feet, and 
divide by 12, results give feet. 

HOW DEEP IN THE GROUND TO PLANT CORN. 

The following -is the result of an experiment with In- 
dian Corn that was planted at the depth of 

1 inch came up in 8% days 

IV2 inches came up in 9% days 

2 inches came up in 10 days 

2% inches came up in 11% days 

3 inches came up in 12 days 

3% inches came up in... 13 days 

4 inches came up in 13% days 

WATER TEST FOR EGGS. 

An egg placed in a glass of water if fresh will remain 
at the bottom, if not quite fresh it will rest with the big end 



-53— 



raised higher than the small end, and the higher the big end 
is raised out of the water the older is the egg. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Section 5065, Code 1906. 

STANDARDS ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS. 

The Standards established by Congress are the stand- 
ards of the weights and measures in this State ; and a fac- 
simile of each is deposited with the Secretary of State, as 
well as at each of the State institutions of learning. The 
Secretary of State and the Proctors of those institutions are 
authorized to conform and seal all weights and measures 
brought to them, and to receive the fees allowed therefor. 
And on all sales by weight of the agricultural products here- 
inafter named, the number of pounds per bushel as stated in 
the following schedule, shall be the true and legal standard, 
viz: 

Wheat, per bushel 60 lbs. 

Corn in the ear, per bushel 72 lbs. 

Corn, shelled per bushel 56 lbs. 

Rye, per bushel 56 lbs. 

Buckwheat, per bushel 48 lbs. 

Barley, per bushel 48 lbs. 

Oats, per bushel 32 lbs. 

Peas, per bushel 60 lbs. 

White Beans, per bushel 60 lbs 

Castor Beans, per bushel 46 lbs. 

Irish Potatoes, per bushel - - - 60 lbs. 

Sweet Potatoes, per bushel 60 lbs. 

Onions, per bushel 57 lbs. 

Turnips, per bushel - 55 lbs. 

Dried Peaches, per bushel 33 lbs. 

Dried Apples, per bushel - 26 lbs. 

Clover Seed, per bushel 60 lbs. 

Flax Seed, per bushel 60 lbs. 

Millet Seed, per bushel 50 lbs. 

Hungarian Grass Seed, per bushel 50 Jbs. 

Timothy Seed, per bushel -45 lbs. 

Blue Grass Seed, per bushel 14 lbs. 

Hemp Seed, per bushel 44 lbs. 



—54— 

Salt, per bushel 50 lbs. 

Corn Meal, per bushel 48 lbs. 

Ground Peas, per bushel 24 lbs. 

Malt, per bushel 38 lbs 

Bran, per bushel 20 lbs. 

Stone Coal, per bushel 80 lbs. 

Lime, unslacked, per bushel 80 lbs. 

Sorghum Seed, per bushel 42 lbs. 

Corn Meal, bolted, per bushel 44 lbs. 

Corn Meal, unbolted, per bushel 48 lbs. 

Flour, in barrels 196 lbs. net 

Flour, in one-half barrels 98 lbs. net 

Flour, in one-fourth sacks 48 lbs. net 

Flour, in one-eighth sacks 24 lbs. net 

Meal, in barrels 200 lbs. net 



Section 5070. Weight of Cotton Seed: Unless other- 
wise agreed upon, a bushel of cotton-seed shall be thirty-two 
pounds avordupoise. 

Section 5071. Measure of Charcoal: Unless otherwise 
agreed upon, charcoal shall be sold by measure, and the 
measure of charcoal shall be a barrel of the capacity of 
three and one-quarter bushels. 

Section 5072. Measure of Saw Logs and Square Tim- 
ber : The table known as "Scribner's Lumber and Log Book 
by Doyle's Rule" is the standard rule of measurement by 
which saw-logs and square timber shall be measured. The 
use of any other rule of measurement is unlawful ; and any 
person who shall use any other rule which gives a less num- 
ber of feet in a given log, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and punished accordingly, and be liable to any person injur- 
ed for triple damages. 



-55- 



9 

SOME FUN FOR THE BOYS. 

Rule for Telling a Girl's Age : Tell her to put down the 
number of the month she was born, then to multiply it by 2, 
then to add 5, then to multiply it by 50, then to add her age, 
then to substract 365, then to add 115, then ask her to tell 
you the amount she has left. The two figures to the right 
will tell you her age, and the remainder the month of her 
birth. 

For example, the amount is 822, she is 22 years old and 
was born in the eighth month, (August) . Try it and have 
some fun. 



TITLES IN USE IN THE UNITED STATES. 

"The President of the United States," "His Excel- 
lency;" Governor of any State, and Ministers to foreign 
countries. "Honorable" is applied to the Vice-President of 
the United States, members of the Cabinet and members of 
Congress, heads of departments, judges, consuls, mayors of 
cities, etc. 

D. D., doctor of divinity; LL. D., doctor of law; Rev., 
minister of the Gospel ; Dr. ; physician and surgeon ; Prof., 
professor or teacher ; Esq., member of the legal profession, 
etc., indiscriminately used ; and other professional titles too 
numerous to mention. 

EXPLANATIONS OF GRAIN TABLES. 

The figures in heavy type represent the weight of the 
load, the number of bushels and pounds over are found at 
the right under the kind of grain. 

Example. — How many bushels in a load of wheat 
weighing 1490 pounds ? Run down the first, or weight col- 
umn, to 1490 and find opposite under "wheat" 24 bushels 
and 50 pounds 



—57— 

Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a 
Load of Grain. 





Net 


II Corn, |! 


Ear 


Ear 1 








Oats || Rye | 


Wheat 11 


Corn | 


Corn || Barley 




Weight 


32 Lbs. ||56 Lbs. 


60 Lbs.jj' 


70 Lbs. 


175 Lbs.||48 Lbs. 




Bu.|lbs.!'Bu.llbs. 


Bu.| 


lbs.!!! 


Bu. 


lbs. 


|Bu. 


lbs.! 


Bn.llbs. 




1010 


31 


18| 


18 


02 


16 


50| 


14 


30 


1 13 


35| 


21| 02 




1020 


31 


28 


18 


12 


17 


ooii 


14 


40 


1 13 


45| 


21| 12 




1030 


32 


06| 


18 


22 


17 


10JI 


14 


50 


1 13 


55| 


21 1 22 




1040 


32 


161 


18 


32 


17 


20J1 


14 


60 


1 13 


65| 


21[ 32 




1050 


32 


26|| 18 


42 


17 


301! 


15 


00|| 14 


ooj 


21 42 




1060 


33 


041 


18 


52 


17 


40l| 


15 


10 


1 14 


10| 


22 04 




1070 


33 


14 


19 


06 


17 


50|| 


15 


20 


1 14 


20J 


22 14 




1080 


33 


24] 


"19 


16 


18 


ooll 


15 


30 


1 14 


301 


22 24' 




1090 


34 


02 1 


19 


26 


18 


10|| 


15 


40 


| 14 40| 


22'| 34 




1100 


34 


12 1 


19 


36 


18 


20 1] 


15| 


50|| 14| 50| 


22| 44 




1110 


34 


22 1 


19 


46 


18 


30|| 


15 


60 


i 14) 60! 


23| 06 




1120 


35 


00| 


20 


00 


18 


40|j 


16 


00 


| 14 70| 


23| 16 




1130 


35 


10| 


20 


10 


18 


50'l 


16 


10|| 15| 051 


23 i 26 




1140 


.35 


20 1 


20 


20 


19 


oo|| 


16 


20!| 15| 15| 


23| 36 




1150 


35 


30| 


20 


30 


19 


ion 


16 


30|| 15| 25) 


23| 46 




1160 


36 


08| 


20 


40 


19 


20|| 


16 


40 


| 15) 35| 


24| 08 




1170 


36 


18| 


20 


50 


19 


30|1 


16 


50il 151 45| 


24| 18 




1180 


36 


28| 


21 


04 


19 


40|| 


16 


60 


| 15 55! 


24[ 28 




1190 


37 


06| 


21 


14 


19 


soli 


17 


00|| 15| 651 


24] 38 




1200 


37 


161 


21 


24 


20 


ooii 


17 


101 1 16| 001 


25| 00 




1210 


37 


26 1 ' 21 


34 


20 


1011 


17 


20 


| 161 101 


25| 10 




1220 


38 


04| | 21 


44 


20 


20|1 


17 


30 


1 16 


20! 


25| 20 




1230 


38 


14|' 21 


54 


| 20 


3011 


17 


40|| 16 


30| 


25| 30 




1240 


38 


24|| 22 


08 


| 20 


40|| 


17 


50 


1 16 


401 


25| 40 




1250 


39 


02|| 22| 


18 


20| 


50)1 


17j 


60 


1 16 


50| 


26| 02 




1260 


39 


12|| 22 


28 


1 21 


ooll 


18 


00|| 16 


60| 


26| 12 




1270 


39 


22|l 22 


38 


| 21 


10|| 


18 


10 


1 16 


70| 


26| 22 




1280 


40 


00|| 22 


48 


1 21 


20j| 


18 


20 


1 17 


05| 


26|| 32 




1290 


40 


10| | 23 


02 


1 21 


30i| 


18 


30 


1 17 


15| 


26 1 42 




1300 


40 


20|| 23 


12 


1 21 


40! i 


18 


40 


1 17 


25 


27j 04 




1310 


40 


30|| 23 


22 


1 21 


50|| 


18 


50 


1 17 


351 


27| 14 




1320 


41 


08|| 23 


32 


| 22 


ooll 


18 


60 


1 !7 


451 


271 24 




1330 


41 


18|| 23 


42 


22 


10|| 


19 


00 


1 17 


55| 


271 34 




1340 


41 


28H 23 


52| 1 22 


20 ii 


19 


10 


i 17 


65 j 


27 44 




1350 


42 


06) | 24| 06 1 22 


30l| 


19 


2)0 


I 18 


00! 


28 1 06; 




1360 


42 


16|| 24| 16|| 22 


40]| 


19 


30 


1 18 


10 1 


281 16 




1370 


| 42 


26|| 24| 261 1 221 50| 


19 


| 40 


II 12 


| 20: 


28| 26 




1380 


43| 04|| 24!' 36|| 23| 00|| 


19 


60 


| 18 


301 


28j 36 




1390 


43 1 14|| 24 


461| 23| 10|1 


19 


60 


1 I 8 


40[ 


28| 46 




1400 


43 24 25 


00|| 23 20 


20 


00 


1 18 


50| 


29 08 




1410 


44| 02|| 25 


10(1 23| 30!| 


20 


10 


1 18 


60| 


291 18 




1420 


441 1211 25 


20l| 231 40|! 


20 


20 


1 18 


70| 


29| 28 




1430 


44| 2211 25 


3C|| 231 50!) 


20 


30 


1 19 


051 


291 38 




1440 


45| 001 1 25 


40 24 00|| 


20 


40 


1 19 


15' 


30! 00 




1450 


45 1 10|| 25 


S0|| 24] 1011 


20 


50 


1 19 


25| 


30| 10 




1460 


'45 1 2011 26 


0411 24| 20!| 


20 


60 


1 19 


35! 


30| 20 




1470 


45 1 30|| 26 1 14|| 24| 30l| 


21 


00 


1 19 


45| 


30| 30 




1480 


461 08! 26| 2411 24| 4011 


21 


10 


1 19 


551 


30i 40 




1490 


46 18l| 261 34l| 24| 50|| 


21 


20 


1 19 


65! 


31| 02 




1500 


46 1 28,'i 26! 44|| 25| 00|| 


21 


30 


| 20| 001 


31[ 12 



—58— 
Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a 
Load_of_Grain. — Continued. = _______^^^_ 

Net 

Weight 



1510 
1520 
1530 
1540 
1550 
1560 
1570 
1580 
1590 
1600 
1610 
1620 
1630 
1640 
1650 
1660 
1670 
1680 
1690 
1700 
1710 
1720 
1730 
1740 
1750 
1760 
1770 
1780 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 
1920 
1930 
1940 
1950 
1960 
1970 
1980 
1990 
2000 



|| Corn, 
Oats || Rye 
32 Lbs. 1 156 Lbs. 



47 


061 


261 


47 


16 


27 


47 


26| 


27 


48 


04 1 


27 


48 


14| 


27 


48 


24| 


27 


41) 


02| 


28 


49 


12| 


28 


49 


221 28 


50 


00| 


28 


50 


10| 


28 


50 


20 


28 



50| 30 
51 |08 



Bu.|lbs.|Bu.|lbs. 



08 
18 
28 
38 
48 
02 
12 
22 
32 
42 
52 
291 06 
29| 16 
291 26 
29] 36 
29 1 46 
30| 00 
30 1 10. 
30| 20 
301 30 
301 40 
30| 50 
31| 04 
31| 14 
31| 24 
3l| 34 
3l| 44 
31| 54 
321 08 
32| 18 
32] 28 
32 1 38 
32| 48 1 
33| 02 
33| 12 
33 1 22 
.33 32 
33 1 42 
33| 52 
34| 06 
34| 16 
34 1 26 
34| 36 
34( 46| 
351 00] 
35| 10| 
35) 20| 
35 1 30 1 
35| 40| 



51 

51 

52 
52 
52 

53 
53 
53 
54 
54 
54 
55 
55 
55 
55 
56 
56 
56 
57 
57 
57 
58 
58 
58 
59 
59 
59 
60 
60 
60 
60 
61 
61 
61 
62 



18 

58 
06 

16 

26 
04 
14 
24 
02 
12 
22 
00 
10 
20| 
30 
08 
18 
281 
06 
16 
26 
04 
14 
24 
02 
12 
22 
00 
10 
20 
30 
08 
18 
28 
06 



62 16 



Wheat! 



Bu.|lbs.|| 

25| 10|| 

25| 201 1 

25| 30|l 

25| 40|| 

25 1 50|| 

26| 00j| 

26 1 10|| 

26| 20|| 

26| 30|| 

261 40|| 

26| 50[| 

27| 00|| 

27| 10|| 

27| 20l| 

27| 30|| 

27| 40|| 

27| 50] | 

28| 00|| 

281 10|| 

28 1 20|| 

28| 30|| 



28 


1 40| 


28 


50|| 


29 


00| 


29 


10 


29 


20 


29 


30 


29 


40 


29 


50 


30 


00 


30 


10 


30 


20 


30 


30 


30 


40 


30 


50 


31 


00 


31 


10 


31 


20 


31 


30 


31 


40 


31 


50 


32 


00 


32 


10 


32 


20 


32 


30 


32 


40 


32 


50 


33 


00 


33 


10 


33 


20 



Ear | 


E 


ar 1 


Corn || Corn 


70 Lbs.| 


75 Lbs.| 


Bu.|lbs.| 


BuJlbs.] 


2l| 40| j 20| 10| 


21 1 50|| 20| 20| 


21| 60|| 20| 30| 


22 


00 1| 20] 40] 


22 


10|| 201 50| 


22 


20|| 20] 60] 


22 


30|| 20| 70] 


22 


4011 21| 05| 


22 


50|| 21| 15! 


22 


60|1 21| 25| 


| 23 


00|| 21| 35| 


| 23 


10j| 21 1 45 


23 


20|| 21 


55| 


23 


30[ 1 21 


65! 


23 


40 1| 22 


001 


23 


50|| 22 


101 


23 


60]| 22 


20| 


24 


00|| 22 


30| 


24 


10|| 22 


40 1 


24 


20|| 22 


50| 


24| 30|-| 22 


60 1 


24| 40|| 22 


70| 


24] 50|| 23 


05 1 


24 


601 1 23 


15| 


25 


00[ I 23 


25] 


25 


10 


| 23 


35| 


25 


20 


| 23 


45 [ 


25 


30 


| 23 


55] 


25 


40 


23 


65] 


25 


50 


24 


00] 


25 


60 


24 


10] 


26 


00 


24 


20] 


26 


10 


24 


30| 


26| 20] 


24 


40 1 


26| 30 


24 


50| 


26| 40 


24 


60| 


26| 50 


24 


70 1 


26 60 


25 


05 1 


27| 00 


25 


15| 


27 10 


25 


25| 


27| 20 


25 


35| 


27| 30] 


25 


45 1' 


27| 40| 


25 


55| 


27| 50| 


25 


65| 


27| 60! 


26 


00] 


28| 00| 


26 


10| 


28| 10|| 26 


20| 


28| 20j| 26 


30] 


28| 30|| 26 


40] 


281 


40 1 


26| 


50 1 



Barley 

48 Lbs. 



Bu. 


lbs. 


31 


22 


31 


32 


31 


42 


32 


04 


32 


14 


32 


24 


32 


34 


32 


44 


33 


06 


33 


16 


33 


26 


,83 


36 


33 


46 


34 


08 


34 


18 


34 


28 


34 


38 


35 


00 


35 


10 


35 


20 


35 


30 


35 


40 


36 


02 


36 


12 


36 


22 


36 


32 


36 


42 


37 


04 


37 


14 


37 


24 


37 


34 


37 


44 


38 


06 


38 


16 


38 


26 


38 


36 


38 


46 


39 


08 


39 


18 


39 


28 


39 


38 


40 


00 


40 


10 


40 


20 


40 


30 


40 


40 


41 


02 


41 


12 


41 


22 


41 


32 



—59— 

Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a 
Load of Grain. — Continued. 



Net 






Corn, 


11 


Ear |1 


Ear | 








Oats | 


Rye l| Wheatl 


Corn || 


Corn || 


Barley 


Weight 


32 Lbs. ||56 Lbs.||60 Lbs.| 


70 Lbs.| 


75 Lbs'.| 


48 Lbs. 




Bu.|lbs.| 


Bu.|lbs.||Bu.| 


lbs.| 


Bu.|lbs.l| 


Bu.| 


lbs.li 


Bu. 


lbs. 


2010 


62 


26| 


35 


50] 


33| 


30| 


28! 501 


26 


60| 


41 


42 


2020 


63 


04| 


36 


04| 


33 


401 


28| 60| 


26 


70] 


42 


02 


2030 


63 


14| 


36 


14 


33 


50| 


291 00| 


27 


05| 


42 


14 


20 SO 


63 


24| 


36 


24| 


34^ 


001 


29] 101 


27 


15 1 i 


42 


24 


2050 


64 


02| 


36 


34] 


34 


io| 


29| 20| 


27 


251 


42 


34 


2060 


64 


121 


36 


441 


34 


2011 29| 301 


27 


351' 


42 


44 


2070 


64 


22'| 


36 


54 


34 


30| 


29| 401 


27 


45J 


43 


06 


2080 


65 


Ofi 1 


37 


08! 


?4 


40! 


29] 50| 


2''' 


55| 


13 


16 


2090 


65 


ioi 


37 


18|| 34 


50| 


29 | 60| 


27 


651 


43 


26 


2100 


65 


201 


37 


28|| 35 


00! 


30| 00! 


28 


00| 


43 


36 


2110 


65 


30i 


37 


38|| 351 


101 


30| 101 


28 


101 


43 


46 


2150 


67 


06] 


38 


22 1 


35 


50| 


30| 501 


28 


50| 


44 


38 


2130 


66 


18| 


38 


02| 


35 


301 


30| 30! 


28 


30| 


44 


18 


2140 


66 


28| 


38 


12| 


35 


401 


30 40| 


28 


40 1 


44 


28 


2150 


67 


06| 


38 


22| 


35 


50 1 


30 1 50 1 


28 


40] 


44 


38 


2160 


67 


|16| 


38 


32| 


36 


00! 


30[ 60| 


28 


60| 


45 


00 


2170 


67 


26| 


38 


42| 


36 


101 


3H 00 1 


28 


70| 


45 


10 


2180 


68 


04| 


38 


52| 


36 


20| 


31| 10| 


29 


0511 


45 


20 


2190 


68 


14| 


39 


06 


36 


301 


31| 20| 


29 


151 


45 


30 


2200 


68 


24| 


39 


16 


36 


40 1 


31| 30J 


29 


25| 


45 


40 


2210 


69 


|02| 


39 


26 


36 


50] 


31[ 40| 


29 


35| 


46 


02 


2220 


69 


12.1 


39 


36 


37 


00| 


31| 50| 


29 


45| 


46 


12 


2230 


69 


22 1 


39 


46 1 


37 


101 


311 601 


29 


55| 


46 


22 


2240 


70 


00| 


40 


00 


37 


20 1 


■32| 001 


29 


65| 


46 


32 


2250 


70 


10] 


40 


10 


37 


301 


32J 10 1 


30 


ool 


46 


42 


2260 


70 


20| 


40 


20 


37 


40 1 


32| 20] 


30 


101 


47 


04 


2270 


70 


30| 


40 


3Q 


37 


50] 


32 1 30 1 


30 


20| 


47 


14 


2280 


71 


08] 


40 


40 


38 


00| 


32 1 40 1 


30 


301 


47 


24 


2290 


71 


181 


40 


50 


38 


101 


32 1 50 1 


30 


40| 


47 


34 


2300 


71 


28| 


41 


04 


38 


20 1 


32| 601 


30 


50| 


47 


44 


2310 


72 


06| 


41 


14 


38 


301 


33 1 00| 


30 


60 1 


48 


06 


2320 


72 


16| 


41 


24 


38 


40| 


331 10| 


30 


70| 


48 


16 


2330 


72 


26| 


41 


34 


38 


50| 


33 1 201 


31 


05| 


48 


26 


2340 


73 


04| 


41 


44 


39 


00! 


331 30| 


31 


15' 


48 


36 


2350 


73 


|14 


1 41 


54 


39 


10 1 


33| 401 


31 


251 


48 


46 


2360 


73 


24 


| 42 


08 


39 


201 


33| 50| 


31 


35' 


49 


08 


2370 


74 


021 


42 


18 


39 


30| 


33| 601 


31 


45| 


49 


18 


2380 


74 


12| 


42 


28 


39 


40 1 


34| 00| 


31 


55' 


49 


28 


2390 


74 


22 


| 42 


381 


39 


50 1 


34| 10| 


31 


65| 


49 


38 


2400 . 


75 


00 


| 42 


48 1 


40 


00| 


341 20| 


32 


00' 


50 


00 


2410 


75 


10 


| 43 


02| 


40 


io| 


34J 30| 


32 


10| 


50 


10 


2420 


1 75 


| 20 


| 43 


1 12 


40 


1 20 


| 34| 40 


32 


20'| 


50 


£'0 


2430 


75 


30 


I 43 


I 22 


40 


30| 


34 1 50| 


32 


30| 


50 


30 


2440 


76 


| 08 


I 43 


| 32 


40 


40| 


| 34| 60| 


32 


40| 


50 


40 


2450 


76 


18 


| 43 


42] 


40 


501 


35' 00| 


32 


50| 


51 


02 


2460 


76 


28 


] 43 


[ 52 


41 


00| 


| 351 10| 


32 


60| 


51 


12 


2470 


77 


06 


| 44 


06| 


41 


ioj 


1 35 1 20| 


32 


70 1 


51 


22 


2480 


77 


1 16 


| 44 


1 16 


41 


20] 


35| 301 


33 


05| 


51 


32, 


2490 


77 


| 26 


| 44 


| 26 


41 


30 


| 35| 401 


33 


15| 


51 


42 


2500 


78 


[ 04 


| 44 


i 36 


41 


40 1 


351 S01 


33 


25] 


52 


04 



-60— 



Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a 


Load of Grain. — Continued. 








Net 


II Corn, || 


Ear | 


Ear 






Oats || Rye '(Wheat 


| Corn || 


Corm 


Barley 


Weight 


32 I 


Jbs.||56 Lbs.||60 Lbs.| 
lbs.|'Bu.llbs.!!Bu.|lbs.| 


|70 Lbs.| 
Bu.llbs. 11 


75 Lbs. 
Bu.llbs.; 


|48 I 
|Bu.j 


jbs. 


| 


Bu.| 


lbs. 


2510 


78 


141 1 44 


46|| 41| 50| 


35 


60| 


33 


35 


| 521 14 


2520 


78; 


24|| 45 


001 1 42| 00 


| 36 


00| 


33 


45 


1 52 24 


2530 


79 1 


02|| 45 


10|| 42:| 10 


| 36 


10| 


33 


55|| 52| 34 


2540 


79; 


12|| 45| 


20|| 42 1 20 


36 


20 1 


33 


65 


| 52| 44 


2550 


79 


22|| 45 


30|| 42| 30 


36 


30| 


34 


00 


| 53| 06 


2560 


.80 


.0011 45 


40 


42 1 40 


I 36 


40 1 


34 


10 


| 53| 16 


2570 


80| 


10|| 45 


50' 


42 1 50 


| 36 


50 1 


34 


20 


| 531 26 


2580 


80 


20i| 46 


04| 


43' 00 


| 36 


60| 


34 


30 


| 53| 36 


2590 


80 


30 46 


14 


43 1 10 


| 37 


00| 


34 


40 


1 53| 46 


2600 


81 


08|| 46 


24 


43 1 20 


| 37 


10 1 


34 


50 


| 541 08 


2610 


81 


18|| 46 


34 


43j 30 


| 37 


20| 


34 


60 


1 541 18 


2620 


81 


28|| 46 


44 


43' 40 


| 37 


30| 


34 


70 


| 54| 28 


2630 


82 


06|| 46 


54 


43| 50 


37 


40! 


35 


05 


1 54' 38 


2640 


82 


16|| 47 


08J 


44 l 00 


1 37 


50j 


35 


15 


| 55| 00 


2650 


82 


26|| 47 


181 


44 1 10 


| 37 


60 1 


35 


25 


1 551 10 


2660 


83 


04|| 47 


28 1 


44 1 20 


| 38 


00| 


35 


35 


55! 20 


2670 


83 


14|| 47 


38| 


441 30 


1 38 


101 


35 


45 


1 55' 30 


2680 


83 


24|l 47 


48 1 


44' 40 


38 


20| 


35 


55 


| 55 


40 


2690 


84 


02 1 48 


02| 


44| 50 


38 


30| 


35 


65 


1 56 


02 


2700 


84 


121 48 


12| 


45' 00 


38 


40| 


36 


00 


| 56 


12 


2710 


84 


22|| 48 


22 1 


45| 10 


38 


50| 


36 


10 


' 56 


22 


2720 


85 


00|| 48 


32 


45 1 20 


38 


601 


30 


20 


| 56 


32 


2730 


85 


101 ! 48 


42 1 


45| 30 


39 


00| 


36 


30 


1 56 


42 


2740 


85 


20|| 48 


52| 


45 


40 


39 


101 


36 


40 


1 57 


04 


2750 


85 


30!| 49 


06 


45 


50 


39 


20| 


36 


50 


1 57 


14 


2760 


86 


0811 49 


161 


46 


00 


1 39 


30| 


36 


60 


1 57 


24 


2770 


86 


18|| 49 


26 1 


46 


10 


1 39 


40 1 


36 


70 


1 57 


34 


2780 


86 


28|| 49 


36| 


46 


20 


1 39 


50) 


37 


05 


1 57 


44 


2790 


87 


05 49 


46|[ 46 


30 


| 39 


60| 


37 


15 


1 58 


06 


2800 


87 


16|| 50 


00 


46 


40 


| 40 


00| 


37 


25 


| 58 


16 


2810 


87 


..26|| 50 


10! 


46 


50 


40 


10| 


37 


35 


1 58 


26 


2820 


88 


04|| 50 


201 


47 


00 


1 40 


201 


37 


45 


| 58 


36 


2830 


88 


14|| 50 


30) 


47 


10 


| 40 


30| 


37 


55 


I 58 


46 


2840 


88 


24|| 50 


40 1 


47 


20 


| 40 


40| 


37 


65 


I 59 


08 


2850 


89 


02|| 50 


50 


47 


30 


| 40 


50| 


38 


00 


1 59 


18 


2860 


89 


12|| 51 


04| 


47 


40 


| 40 


60| 


38 


10 


| 59 


28 


2870 


89 


22|| 51 


14|1 47 


50 


1 41 


00| 


38 


20 


| 59 


38 


2880 


90 


00l| 51 


24| 


48 


00 


41 


10| 


38 


30 


1 60 


00 


2890 


90 


10|| 51 


34| 


48 


10 


1 41 


20 1 


38 


40 


1 60 


10 


2900 


90 


20|| 51 


44 1 


48 


20 


1 41 


30| 


38 


50 


1 60 


20 


2910 


90 


30|| 51 


|54| 


48 


30 


1 41 


40 1 


38 


60 


| 60 


30 


2920 


91 


08|| 52 


08| 


48 


40 


1 41 


50 1 


38 


70 


] 60 


40 


2930 


91 


181 1 52 


18 | 48 


50 


I 41 


60| 


39 


05 


1 61 


02 


2940 


91 


28]| 52 


28' | 49 


00 


| 42 


00 1 


39 


15 


| 61 


12 


2950 


92 


06| ! 52 


38l| 49 


10 


' 42 


10| 


39 


25 


1 61 


22 


2960 


92 


16|| 52 


48|| 49 


20 


1 42 


20| 


39 


35 


1 61 


32 


2970 


92 


26|| 53 


02|| 49 


30 


.1 42| 30| 


39 


45 


1 61 


42 


2980 


93 


04|| 53 


12|| 49 


40 


| 42 1 40| 


39 


55 


1 62 


04 


2990 


93 


14H 53 


22|| 49 


50 


| 42| 50| 


39 


65 


| 62 


14 


3000 


93 


24|| 53 


32|| 50 


00 


42 60 


40 


00 


1 62 


24 



—61— 

Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a 
Load of Grain. — Continued. 



Net 


(| Corn, || | Ear [ Ear | 




Oats | Rye || Wheat | 


Corn || Corn \ Barley 


Weight |32 Lbs.|[56 Lbs.||60 Lbs.| 

|Bu.|lbs.rBu.llbs.||Bu.!lbs.| 


70 Lbs.|]75 Lbs.] 


48 Lbs. 


Bu.|lbs.||Bu.|lbs.|| 


Bu.|lbs. 


3010 | 


94| 02|| 53| 421) 50| 10' 


43 1 00|| 40! 


10| | 62'J 34 


3020 | 


94| 12|| 53| 5211 50| 20| 


43] 1011 40 1 


20] 1 621 44 


3030 | 


94| 22|| 54| 06l| 50] 30| 


43 1 20|| 40| 


30] 


63| 06 


3040 | 


95| 0011 54| 16|| 50] 40| 


43| 30|| 40| 


40 1 


63] 16 


3050 | 


95J 10|| 54| 26 | 50] 50| 


43| 40' ( | 401 


50| 


63| 26 


3060 | 


95] 20l| 54] 36|| 51] 00] 


43| 50|( 40 1 


601 


631 36 


3070 | 


95] 30|| 54| 46l| 51| 10| 


43 1 60-]| 40 1 


70| 


63 1 46 


3080 j 


96| 08| | 55] 00 


51] 20| 


44] 0O|| 41 


05] 


64! 08 


3090 | 


96| 18 


55| 10 


51] 


30'| 44| 10|| 41] 


15| 


64| 18 


3100 | 


96| 28 


55] 20 


51 1 


40] | 44] 201! 41 1 


25] 


64] 28 


3110 


97 1 06 


55] 30 


.51| 


50'j 44] 30|| 41] 


35| 


64| 38 


3120 | 


97| 16 


55| 40 


52 1 


00 1| 44| 40 | 41 


45| 


65! 00 


3130 


97| 26 


55] 50 


521 


lO'l 44] 50! 1 41 1 


55 


65| 10 


3140 


98] 04 


561 04 


52| 


20|] 44| 60|| 41 


65|1 65| 20 


3150 


98J 14 


56| 14 


52] 


30'| 45J 001 1 421 


00|| 65| 30 


3160 


98] 24 


561 24 


521 


40|] 45 1 10|| 42 


10|| 65! 40 


3170 


99J 02 


56| 34 


521 


50'| 45] 20|| 42 


20|| 66| 02 


3180 


99| 12 


56 


44 


53] 


00|] 451 30|| 42 


30] | 66' 12 


3190 


99 1 22 


56 


54 


53| 


10] 45 


40]| 42 


401 66] 22 


3200 


100| 00]| 57 


08 


53| 


20|| 45 


50|| 42 


501) 66| 32 


3210 


100] 10|| 57 


18 


53 


30] | 45 


50|| 42 


60|| 661 42 


3220 


100] 201] 57 


28|| 53| 


40'J 46 


00| 1 42 


70|l 67| 04 


3230 


100| 30|| 57 


38| 53| 


50|| 46 


10|| 43 


05|| 67' 14 


3240 


101] 08|| 57 


481 541 


001 46 


20|| 43 


15i) 67| 24 


3250 


101| 18|| 581 02|| 54 


10|| 46 


30|] 43 


25|| 671 34 


3260 


101| 28|| 58] 12|1 54 


20 | 46 


40)1 43 


35|; 67| 44 


3270 


102| 06|| 58| 22|| 54 


30|! 46 


501 j 43 


45|j 68] 06 


3280 


102| 16 


58| 32 | 54 


4011 46 


60|| 43 


55l| 68| 16 


3290 


102 26 


58| 42']] 54 


50|| 47 


00|| 43 


65|| 68| 26 


3300 


|103| 04 


58| 52]j 55 


0011 47 


10]| 44 


00|| 68] 36 


| 3310 


103| 14 


59| 06j 1 55 


10|1 47 


20|| 44 


10|| 68| 46 


3320 


|103] 24 


59| 16 | 55 


20|| 47 


30|l 44 


20|| 69] 08 


3330 


|104| 02 


'59] 26l| 55 


30 47 


40|i 44 


30|| 69] 18 


3340 


|104| 12 


59| 36H 55 


4011 47 


50!| 44 


40|| 69] 28 


3350 


|104| 22 


591 46|| 55 


50|| 47 


60 44 


50|| 69| 38 


3360 


|105| 00 


60 00 56 


OOJ] 48 


0011 44 


601! 70] 00 


3370 


|105| 10 


60] 10|| 56 


1011 48 


10|| 44 


70]i 70| 10 


3380 


1105| 20 


60] 20H 56 


20 1| 48 


20|| 45 


| 05ii 70 20 


3390 


|105| 30 


60] 3011 56 


30|| 48 


30| | 45 


1 15|| 70| 30 


3400 


]106| 08 


60 40 | 56 


40|| 48 


40|| 45 


| 2511 70| 40 


3410 


11061 18 


601 50|| 56 


5011 48 


50|| 45 


| .35|| 71 1 02 


3420 [106| 28 | 61| 04|| 57 


001 1 48 


60ii 45 


| 45|l Tl| 12 


3430 |107| 061 ! 61| 14'| 57 


10|| 49 1 00|| 45 


| 55|| 71| 22 


3440 |107| 16|| 61| 24|' 57 


20|| 49 1 10|| 45| 65|| 71| 32 


3450 |107| 26|| 61| 34|| 57 


30|| 49] 201! 46| 0011 71] 42 


3460 |108| 04|| 61| 44|| 57 


40 1 49 1 30|| 46) 10|l 72] 04 


3470 1108| 14|| 611 54|[ 57 


50|| 49| 40|| 46] 2'0|| 721 14 


' 3480 |108( 24|i 62| 08| ! 58 


00|| 49] 50|| 46] 30|| 72| 24 


3490 109 0211 62| 18|| 58 


1 10]! 49| 60|1 46| 40|.| 72| 34 


!■ 3500 1109' 12|| 62] 28|| 58! 20 i 501 00!' 46| 50j| 72| 44 



-62- 



TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS BE- 
TWEEN TWO DATES. 



To 



>-. bi 



fa'i SI < S 



< I r/3 I O 



January |365| 31| 591 99|120|151 



February |334|365| 28! 59 S9|12'0 

March |306'|337|365! 31| 61| 92 

I I I !— i I 
April |275 306|334365| 30| 61 



O M*y |245|276|304l335i365| 31 

« I I I I I 

^ June - |214'245|273';304|334!-365 



181|212|243|273!304l334 
150|181|212|242|273|303 

122|153|184|214|245|275 

91|122|153|183|214!244 

III! 
61| 92|123|153il84|214 

I I I I I 
30| 61| 92|122|153|183 

July . ..'|184|215!243!274|304|335|365| 31| 62| 92|123|153 

Aug-ust |153|184|212|243|273 304|334|.365| 31| 61| 92|122 

September |122|153|181i212|242|273|303|334|365| 30| 61| 91 

"j I I I" I I i I I I— I I 
October „:| 92 123|151|182|212|243|273|304!335|365| 31| 61 

November | 6li 92|120|151|181|212|2:42|273|304|334|365l 30 

December ...I -31| 621 90ll2lH5l!l82|212|243|274|304|335|365 



For example : From any date in July to the same date 
in February there are 215 days. When the day of the month 
to which you count is later, add the difference; if earlier, 
substract it. Thus, from January 1 to May 1 are 120 days ; 
to the 11th of May it is 10 days more; while from January 
11 to May 1 it is 10 days less. In Leap Year add 1 day if the 
last day of February is included in the given time. 

Dividing the table diagonally by short horizontal lines, 
the numbers below show the day to a date in the year follow- 
ing, and numbers above to a date within the same year. 




HON. E. J. O'KEEFE, Superintendent. 



—65— 

Regulating the Running ana Operation 
of Automobiles 

SENATE BILL NO. 67. 
AN ACT to regulate the running or operation of motor vehi- 
cles and other vehicles whose motive power is other 
than animals, along or over the public highways of this 
State, and the streets, avenues or alleys of any city, 
town or village situated therein ; to provide that in an 
action to recover damages for injuries inflicted to per- 
son or property by any motor vehicle that proof of 
operation or running of same contrary to any provision 
of this act and proof of injury to make a prima facie 
case for plaintiff; and to provide the method of pro- 
cedure to enforce the provisions of this act and to fix a 
penalty for the violation of any of the provisons there- 
of. 

Defining the Term "Motor Vehicle." 
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State 
of Mississippi, That the term "motor vehicle," in this act 
shall include all vehicles propelled by any power other than 
aimal, whether the same be used for pleasure or business or 
commercial, purposes except road rollers, street sprinklers, 
fire engines and fire department apparatus, police patrol 
wagons, ambulances and such vehicles as run only on rails 
or tracks. 

Speed Permitted. 
Sec. 2. No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a 
public highway, or street, avenue or alley of any city, town 
or village in this State at a greater rate of speed than is 
reasonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic and 
use of the highway, or so as to endanger the life or limb of 
any person or the safety of any property, or in any event on 
any public highway where the territory contiguous thereto 
is closely built up, at a greater rate of speed than fifteen 
miles per hour, or elsewhere in any incorporated city, town 



—66— 

or village at a greater rate of speed than fifteen miles per 
hour or elsewhere outside of any incorporated city, town or 
village at a greater rate of speed than thirty miles per hour, 
subject, however, to the other provisions -of this act. 

Special Speed Regulations. 

Sec. 3. No person running or operating, or causing to 
be run or operated a motor vehicle shall pass a person driv- 
ing a horse or horses or other domestic animal, or foot pas- 
sengers walking in the roadway of the highway, at a greater 
rate of speed than eight miles per hour, nor pass a public 
school, in school days, when school is held between the hours 
of eight o'clock ante meridian, and four o'clock post meri- 
dian or pass a building of public worship on the Sabbath day 
during the usual hours of service, at a greater rate of speed 
than eight miles per hour, or cross a levee or causeway 
where the travelled portion of the road bed is less than twen- 
ty feet wide at a greater rate of speed than ten miles per 
hour. 

Speed at Bridges, Crossings, Sharp Curves, Steep Descents 

or Dams. 

Sec. 4. Upon approaching a bridge, levee, sharp curve 
or steep descent, a person operating a motor vehicle shall 
have it under control and operate it at a rate of speed not ex- 
ceeding ten miles per hour, and upon approaching a crossing 
of intersecting highways, at a speed not greater than is rea- 
sonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic then on 
such highway and the safety of the public. 

Meeting Pedestrians, Drivers and Riders. 
Sec. 5. Upon approaching a person walking in the 
roadway of a public highway, or a horse or horses, or other 
draft animals, being ridden, led or driven thereon, a person 
operating, or causing to be operated a motor vehicle, shall 
give or cause to be given, reasonable warning of its ap- 
proach, and use every reasonable precaution to insure the 
safety of such person or animal, and, in case of horses or 
other draft animals, to prevent frightening the same. 



—67— 

Stopping on Signal. 

Sec. 6. A person operating or causing to be operated a 
motor vehicle shall at request or on signal by putting up the 
hand, from a person riding, leading or driving a restive 
horse or horses, or other draft animals, bring or cause to be 
brought such motor vehicle immediately to a stop, and, if 
travelling in the opposite direction, use reasonable caution 
in thereafter passing such horse or animal ; provided that, in 
case such horse or animal appears badly frightened or the 
person operating such motor vehicle is requested to do so, 
such person shall cause the motor of such vehicle to cease 
running so long as shall be reasonably necessary to prevent 
accident and insure safety to others. 

Giving Name and Address in Case of Accident. 

Sec. 7. In case of accident to a person or property on 
the public highways, streets, avenues or alleys of any city, 
town or village in this State, due to the operation thereof of 
a motor vehicle, the person operating, or causing to be oper- 
ated such motor vehicle shall stop, and upon request of a per- 
son injured, or any person present, give such person his 
name or address and if not the owner, the name and address 
of such owner. 

Rides of the Road. 

Sec. 8. Wherever a person operating a motor vehicle or 
causing the same to be operated, shall meet on a public high- 
way any other person riding or driving a horse or horses, 
or other draft animals, or any other vehicle, the person 
so operating such motor vehicle or causing the same to be 
operated, shall reasonably turn or cause the same to be turn- 
ed to the right of the center of such highway, streec, avenue 
or alley, so as to pass without interference. Any such per- 
son operating, or causing to be operated a motor vehicle 
shall, on overtaking any such horse, draft animal or other 
vehicle, pass on the left side thereof, and the rider or driver 
of such horse, draft animal or other vehicle shall, as soon as 
practicable, turn to the right of the center of such public 
highway, street, avenue or alley so as to allow free passage 



-68- 



on the left. Any such person so operating, or causing to be 
operated a motor vehicle shall, at the intersection of public 
highways, streets, avenues or alleys of any city, town or vil- 
lage, keep to the right of the intersection of the centers of 
vhe highways when turning to the right and pass to the right 
of such intersection when turning to the left. Nothing in 
this section, however, shall be construed as limiting the 
meaning or effect of any of the other provisions of this act. 

Brakes, Bells, Horns and Lamps, and Muffler. 
Sec. 9-. Every motor vehicle shall carry, during the pe- 
riod from one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour be- 
fore sunrise, at least two lighted lamps, showing white 
lights, visible at least two hundred feet in the direction to- 
wards which such motor vehicle is proceeding and shall ex- 
hibit one red light visible in the reverse direction. Said red 
light shall be so hung upon the motor vehicle so that it will 
illuminate and make visible the register number of said ve- 
hicle ; provided however, that the user of such motor vehicle 
may proceed to his destination in event of a bona fide fail- 
ure of his lights to operate, if he sounds his bell, horn or 
other signal device at least once in every two hundred feet, 
does not proceed at a rate of speed greater than six miles 
an hour, and takes the first reasonable opportunity to put 
his lights in order, otherwise such operator to be deemed 
guilty of a violation of the foregoing provision. Every 
motor vehicle while in use on the public highway or any 
street, avenue or alley, shall be provided with at least two 
good and efficient brakes, and also with a suitable horn, bell 
or other signal device, for giving notice of its approach. 
Every motor vehicle using gasoline, gas, oil, naptha, or 
other similar source of energy, shall use the "muffler" so 
called, and the same shall not be cut out or disconnected 
within the limits of any city, town or village within this 
State. 

Intoxicated Persons Shall Not Operate a Motor Vehicle. 
Sec. 10. No person shall operate or attempt to operate 



—69— 

a motor vehicle w\ile such person is in a state of intoxica- 
tion, or is in other 1 aspects incapable of properly and safely 
operating said motor vehicle, on any public highway, street, 
avenue or alley, within this State. 

Penalty for Racing on Public Highway. 

Sec. 11. Any person driving a motor vehicle upon any 
public highway, public road, street, avenue or alley, or any 
other public driveway in this State in a race or on a bet or 
wager, shall on conviction, be fined in a sum not less than 
twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, and, in de- 
fault of the payment thereof, be punished by imprisonment 
in the county jail for a period not exceeding twenty days. 
Right to Recover Damages for Injury; Rules of Evidence. 

Sec. 12. Nothing in this act shall be so construed as to 
curtail or abridge the right of any person to prosecute a 
civil suit for damages by reason of injuries to person or 
property resulting from the negligent use of the highways 
by any motor vehicle, or its owner, or his employee or agent. 
And in any action brought to recover any damages, either 
to person or property, caused by running or operating such 
motor vehicle in violation of any of the provisions of this 
act, the plaintiff or plaintiffs shall be deemed to have made 
out a prima facie case, by showing the fact of such injury 
and that such person or persons operating, or causing to be 
run or operated such motor vehicle was, at the time of the 
injury, running or operating, or causing the said motor ve- 
hicle to be run or operated in a manner contrary to the pro- 
visions of this act. 

Constable, Any Peace Officer, or Other Officer Authorized 

to Make an Arrest May Arrest Without Warrant. — 

Operator's Rights When Arrested. 

Sec. 13. Any constable, peace officer, police officer, or 
other officer authorized to make an arrest, is hereby author- 
ized to arrest without warrant any person running or oper- 
ating, ar causing to be run or operated, any motor vehicle 
contrary to the provisions of this act, within the limits of 



—70— 

their respective jurisdiction. And in case the owner, or 
person, or persons operating, or causing to be operated, a 
motor vehicle shall be taken into custody because of a viola- 
tion of any provision of this act, he or they, shall be forth- 
with taken before an accessible justice of the peace, or police 
justice or mayor having jurisdiction of such offense, and be 
entitled to an immediate hearing; and if such hearing can- 
not then be had, be released from custody on giving a good 
and sufficient bond to appear and answer for such violation, 
at such time and place as shall then be designated, in the 
manner as now provided for by law or secured by the sum 
equal to the maximum fine for the offense with which he is 
charged, or in lieu thereof, by leaving the motor vehicle, be- 
ing operated by such person, with such officer as may have 
the accused in charge ; provided, however, that should the 
person or persons in custody so rqeuest the justice of the 
peace, police justice or mayor before whom the complaint is 
made, or before whom the person or persons in custody shall 
be taken, shall adjourn the hearing of said case for ten days 
upon the execution of a good and sufficient bond in the man- 
ner as above provided, and if the defendant or defendants 
fail to appear to defend said case the sum or sums so deposit- 
ed, or bond so given, shall be forfeited to the State and de- 
posited for bail as in other cases, or the motor vehicle which 
may be so left by said person or persons may be sold at a 
public auction by order of the justice of the peace, police jus- 
tice or mayor, after giving notice of said proposed sale for 
three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of a general circu- 
lation in this State, in county where arrest is made if there 
be such newspaper in said county, describing accurately the 
motor vehicle therein and giving the date of the proposed 
sale, and from the amount realized upon such sale, a sum 
equal to the maximum fine for the offense charged shall be 
disposed of in like manner, and the surplus, if any, after de- 
ducting all expenses incurred in keeping or sale of such mo- 
tor vehicle, be returned to such owner on demand, but no 



—71— 

such forfeiture and disposition of such security shall in any 
wise impair the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace, po- 
lice justice or mayor to hear and edtermine any such charge 
made against the owner of such motor vehicle, or the person 
or persons operating or causing to be operated the said mo- 
tor vehicle, or to inflict upon conviction thereof, any punish- 
ment prescribed by this act. 

Penalty for Violation. 
Sec. 14. The iolation of any of the provisions of this 
act, except as otherwise provided for in Section 11, by any 
owner, chauffeur, or operator, or any person causing to be 
run or operated any motor vehicle, shall be deemed a misde- 
meanor punishable, upon conviction thereof by a fine of not 
exceeding one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not 
less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or 
imprisonment not exceeding ten days, or both for a second 
offense, and punishable by a fine of not less than twenty-five 
nor more than two hundred dollars and imprisonment not 
exceeding thirty days for a third or subsequent offense. 

Local Ordinances Prohibited. 

Sec. 15. Local authorities shall not pass any ordinance, 
by-law or resolution, in violation of or in conflict with any 
of the provisions of this act ; provided, however, that noth- 
ing contained herein shall curtail or abridge the right of 
local authorities to enact ordinances, resoltuions or by-laws, 
or prescribe rules and regulations affecting motor vehicles 
which are offered to the public for hire and to maintain and 
enforce the same. 

Unconstitutionality of Part Not to Affect Entire Act. 

Sec. 16. If any section or provision of this act be de- 
clared unconstitutional,, then such unconstitutionality shall 
apply only to such section and shall not invalidate any other 
section or provision of this act. 

Sec. 17. That this act take effect and be in force thirty 
days after passage. 

Approved April 8, 1916. 



—72— 

Farmer's Bulletins 

Bulletins in this list will be sent free, so long as the sup- 
ply lasts, on application to any Senator, Representative, or 
Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agriculture, 
Washington, D. C. Foreign residents may purchase the 
Bulletins from the Superintendent of Documents, Govern- 
ment Printing Office, at 6 cents each, including postage. 

34. Meats: Composition and Cooking.* 

51. Standard Varieties of Chickens.* 
121. Beans, Peas, etc., as Food. 
127. Important Insecticides. 
139. Emmer: Grain for Semiarid Regions.* 
254. Home Fruit Garden.* 
157. Propagation of Plants.* 
181. Pruning. 
200. Turkeys.* 

203. Canned Fruits, Preserves and Jellies.* 

204. Cultivation of Mushrooms. 

205. Pig Management. 

206. Milk Fever and its Treatment. 
218. School Garden. 

229. Production of Good Seed Corn. 

232. Okra : Its Culture and Uses. 

249. Cereal Breakfast Foods.* 

254. Cucumbers. 

255. Home Vegetable Garden. 

256. Preparation of Vegetables for the Table. 
270. Conveniences for the Farm Home.* 
279. Method of Eradicating Johnson Grass. 
287. Poultry Management. 

289. Beans. 

291. Evaporation of Apples.* 

304. Growing and Curing Hops. 

311. Sand-Clay and Burnt-Clay Roads. 

318. Cowpeas. 

324. Sweet Potatoes.* 



—73— 

338. Macadam Roads. 

339. Alfalfa.* 

345. Some Common Disinfectants. 

350. Dehorning of Cattle. 

351. Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis.* 
354. Onion Culture* 

359. Canning Vegetables in the Home.* 

363. Use of Milk as Food.* 

365. Farm Management in Northern Potato Growing Sec- 
tions. 

367. Lightning and Lightning Conductors. 

369. How to Destroy Rats. 

372. Soy Beans. 

375. Care of Food in the Home. 

379. Hog Cholera. 

382. Adulteration of Forage Plant Seeds. 

390. Pheasant Raising in the United States. 

391. Economical Use of Meat in the Home. 
411. Feeding Hogs in the Soutk. 

413. Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home. 

414. Corn Cultivation. 

416. Production of Cigar Leaf Tobacco. 

417. Rice Culture.* 

424. Oats : Growing the Crop. 

428. Testing Farm Seeds in the Home and in the Rural 

Schools. 

431. The Peanut. 

433. Cabbage. 

434. Home Production of Onion Seed and Sets. 
436. Winter Oats for the South. 

438. Hog Houses. 

440. Spraying Peaches for the Control of Brown Rot, Scab, 
and Curculio. 

442. Treatment of Bee Diseases. 

443. Barley : Growing the Crop. 

444. Remedies and Preventives Against Mosqadtees. 

446. Choice of Crops for Alkali Lands. 

447. Bees. 

449. Rabies or Hydrophoiba. 

450. Some Facts About Malaria. 
452. Capons and Capenizing.* 



—74— 

455. Red Clover. 

460. Frames as a Factor in Truck Gardening. 

461. Use of Concrete on the Farm.* 

463. Sanitary Privy. 

464. Eradication of Quack Grass.* 
466. Winter Emmer. 

471. Grape Propagation, Pruning, and Training. 

473. Tuberculosis. 

474. • Use of Paint on the Farm. 

475. Ice Houses.* 

477. Sorghum Sirup Manufacture.* 

480. Methods of Disinfecting Stables.* 

481. Concrete Construction on the Live Stock Farm. 

482. Pear and How to Grow It. 
485. Sweet Clover. 

487. Cheese ; Economical Uses in the Diet. 

488. Diseases of Cabbage and Related Crops. 

490. Bacteria in Milk. 

491. Profitable Management of the Small Apple Orchard 
on the General Farm. 

492. The More Important Insects and Fungus Enemies of 
the Fruit and Foliage of the Apple. 

493. English Sparrow as a Pest. 

494. Lawns and Lawn Soils. 

495. Alfalfa Seed Production. 

496. Raising Belgian Hares and Other Rabbits.* 

497. Some Common Game, Aquatic, and Rapacious Birds 
in Relation to Man. 

498. Exterminating the Texas Fever Tick. 

501. Cotton Improvement under Weevil Conditions. 

503. Comb Honey. 

505. Benefits of Improved Roads. 

507. Smuts of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Corn. 

508. Market Hay. 

509. Forage Crops for the Cotton Region. 

511. Farm Bookkeeping. 

512. Boll Weevil Problem. 

515. Vetches 

516. Production of Maple Sirup and Sugar. 
518. Winter Barley. 

521. Canning Tomatoes ; Home and Club Work.* 

523. Tobacco Curing. 

524. Tile Drainage on the Farm. 

526. Mutton and Its Value in the Diet. 



—75— 

528. Hints to Poultry Raisers.* 

529. Vetch Growing in South Atlantic States. 

530. Important Poultry Diseases.* 

531. Larkspur, or Poison Weed. 

533. Good Seed Potatoes and How to Produce Them. 

535. Sugar and Its Value as Food. 

537. How to Grow an Acre of Corn. 

540. Stable Fly. 

541. Farm Buttermaking. 

543. Common White Grubs.* 

544. Potato-Tuber Diseases. 

545. Controlling Canada Thistles. 

548. Storing and Marketing Sweet Potatoes. 

550. Crimson Clover : Growing the Crop. 

551. Cultivation of American Ginseng. 

552. Kafir as a Grain Crop. 

553. Pop Corn for the Home. 

554. Pop Corn for the Market. 

555. Cotton Anthracnose. 

559. Use of Corn, Kafir, and Cowpeas in the Home. 

562. Boys' and Girls' Poultry Clubs. 

564. Gipsy Moth and Brown-Tail Moth, with Suggestions 
for Their Control. 

565. Corn Meal as a Food ; Ways of Using It. 

566. Boys' Pig Clubs. 

567. Sugar-Beet Growing under Irrigation. 

568. Sugar-Beet Growing under Humid Conditions. 

569. Texas or Tick Fever. 

571. Tobacco Culture. 

572. System of Farm Cost Accounting. 

573. Angora Goat. 

574. Poultry House Construction. 

576. Breeds of Sheep for the Farm. 

577. Growing Egyptian Cotton in the Salt River Valley, 
Arizona. 

578. Handling and Feeding of Silage. 
580. Beef Production in the South. 
583. Common Mole. 

585. National and Artifcial Incubation of Hens' Eggs. 

586. Collection and Preservation of Plant Material for Use 
in the Study of Agriculture. 

587. Economic Use of North American Skunks. 

588. Economical Cattle Feeding in the Corn Belt. 



—76— 

589. Homemade Silos. 

591. Classification and Grading of Cotton.* 

593. How to Use Farm Credit.* 

594. Shipping Eggs by Parcel Post. 

595. Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide Against Horn- 
worms in Dark Tobacco Districts. 

596. Culture of Winter Wheat in the Eastern United 
States. 

597. Road Drag and How Used. 

601. New Method of Cotton Culture and Its Application. 

602. Clean Milk : Production and Handling. 

603. Arsenical Cattle Dips. 

605. Sudan Grass. 

606. Collection and Preservation of Insects and other Ma- 
terial for Use in the Study of Agriculture. 

607. The Farm Kitchen as a Workshop. 

608. Removing Garlic Flavor from Milk and Cream. 

609. Bird Houses and How to Build Them. 

610. Wild Onion : Methods of Eradication. 

612. Breeds of Dairy Cattle. 

613. Goldenseal under Cultivation. 

614. Efficient Farm System for the Corn Belt. 

616. Winter Wheat Varieties for the Eastern United States 

617. School Lessons on Corn. 

618. Leafspot: A Disease of Sugar Beets. 

619. Breeds of Draft Horses. 

621. How to Attract Birds in Northeastern United Slates. 

622. Basket Willow Culture. 

623. Ice Houses and Use of Ice on Dairy Farm.* 

624. Natural and Artificial Brooding of Chickens. 

625. Cotton Wilt and Root Knot. 

626. Carpet Beetle, or "Buffalo Moth." 

627. House Centipede. 

630. Common Birds Useful to the Farmer. 

631. Growing Peaches : Sites, Propagation, Planting, Till- 
age, and Maintenance of Soil Fertility. 

632. Growing Peaches : Prunning, Renewal of Tops, Thin- 
ning, Interplanted Crops and Special Practices. 

633. Growing Peaches: Varieties and Classification. 

635. What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer's 
Living. 

636. Chalcis-Fly in Alfalfa Seed. 

637. Grasshopper Problem and Alfalfa Culture. 



—77— 

638. Laboratory Exercises in Farm Mechanics for Agri- 
cultural High Schools. 

639. Eradication of Cattle Tick Necessary for Profitable 
Dairying. 

640. Hessian Fly. 

642. Tomato Growing in the South. 

643. Blackberry Culture. 

644. Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice. 

646. Crimson Clover: Seed Production. 

647. Home Garden in the South. 

648. Control of Root Knot. 

650. San Jose Scale and Its Control. 

652. The Sheep-Killing Dog. 

653. Honey and Its Use in the Home. 

655. Cottonseed Meal for Feeding Beef Cattle.* 

656. Community Egg Circle. 

657. Chinch Bug. 

658. Cockroaches. 

659. True Clothes Moth. 

660. Weeds : How to Control Them. 

661. Method of Analyzing the Farm Business. 

662. Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar. 

663. Drug Plants Under Cultivation. 

664. Strawberry Growing in the South. 

666. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. 

667. Colts : Breaking and Training. 

668. Squash Vine Borer. 

669. Fiber Flax. 

670. Field Mice as Farm and Orchard Pests. 

671. Harvest Mites or "Chiggers." 

674. Control of the Citrus Thrips in California and Ari- 
zona. 

675. Round-Headed Apple Tree Borer. 

676. Hard Clover Seed and Treatment in Hulling. 

677. Growing Hay in the South for Market. 

678. Growing Hard Spring Wheat. 

679. House Flies. 

680. Varieties of Hard Spring Wheat. 

681. Silver Fish: An Injurious Household Insect. 

682. Simple Trap Nest for Poultry. 

683. Fleas as Pests of Man and Animals. 

684. Squab Raising. 

685. The Native Persimmon. 



—78— 

686. Uses of Sorghum Grain. 

687. Eradication of Ferns from Pasture Lands in the East- 
ern United States. 

688. Culture of Rice in California. 

689. Plan for a Small Dairy House. 

690. Field Pea. 

691. Grasshoppers and Their Control on Sugar Beets and 
Truck Crops. 

693. Bur Clover. 

694. Cultivation of Peppermint and Spearmint. 

695. Outdoor Wintering of Bees. 

696. Handling and Shipping Citrus Fruits in the Gulf 
States. 

697. Duck Raising. 

698. Trenching Machinery Used for the Construction of 
Trenches for Tile Drains. 

699. Hydrocyanic-Acid Gas Against Household Insects. 

700. Pecan Culture. 

701. Bagworm: An Injurious Shade Tree Insect. 

702. Cottontail Rabbits in Relation to Trees and Farm 
Crops. 

703. Suggestions for Parcel Post Marketing. 

704. Grain Farming in the Corn Belt, with Live Stock as 
a Side Line. 

705. Catalpa Sphnix. 

706. Laws Relating to Fur Bearing Animals, 1905.* 

707. Commercial Grading, Packing and Shipping of Can- 
taloupes. 

708. Leopard Moth: A Dangerous Imported Insect Ene- 
my of Shade Trees. 

709. Muscadine Grapes. 

710. Bridge Grafting. 

711. Care and Improvement of the Woodlot. 

712. School Lunches. 

713. Sheep Scab. 

714. Sweet-Potato Diseases. 

715. Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products. 

716. Management of Sandy Land Farms in Northern In- 
diana and Southern Michigan. 

717. Food for Young Children. 

718. Cooperative Live Stock Shipping Association. 

719. Economic Study of Farm Tractor in Corn Belt. 



—79— 

720. Prevention of Losses of Stock from Poisonous 
Plants.* 

721. Rose Chafer. 

722. Leaf Blister Mite. 

723. Oyster-shell Scale and the Scurfy Scale. 

724. Feeding of Grain Sorghums to Live Stock. 

725. Wireworms Destructive to Cereal and Forage Crops. 

726. Natal Grass : A Southern Perenial Hay Crop. 

727. Growing Fruit for Home Use in the Great Plains 
Area. 

728. Dewberry Culture. 

729. Corn Culture in the Southeastern States. 

730. Button Clover. 

731. True Army Worm and Its Control. 

732. Marquis Wheat. 

733. Corn and Cotton Wireworm in Its Relation to Cereal 
and Forage Crops, with Control Measures. 

734. Fly Traps and Their Operation. 

735. The Red Spider on Cotton and How to Control It. 

736. Ginseng Diseases and Their Control. 

737. The Clover Leafhopper and Its Control. 

738. Cereal Crops in the Panhandle of Texas. 

739. Cutworms and Their Control in Corn and Other Cer- 
eal Crops. 

740. House Ants : Kinds and Methods of Control. 

741. The Alfalfa Weevil . 

742. The White-Pine Blister Rust. 

743. The Feeding of Dairy Cows. 

745. Waste Land and Wasted Land on Farms. 

746. The Farmer's Income. 

748. A Simple Steam Sterilizer for Farm Dairy Utensils. 

749. Grains for the Montana Dry Lands. 
751. Peanut Oil. 



The Issue Print, Jackson, Miss. 



The following is taken from the last bi-ennial report of 
the Board of Trustees : 

The penitentiary, in development of the property of the 
State, uses a large quantity of lime and cement, and in our 
inspection of the limestone plants it has occurred to us that 
it might be well to put in a lime kiln and cement plant at 
each place ; with this idea we addressed a letter to Dr. E. N. 
Lowe, State geologist, and give you his reply as follows : 

''Hon. L. Q. Stone, President Board of Trustees Mississippi 
Penitentiary, Jackson, Miss. 

"My Dear Sir: 

"Replying to your communication asking my opinion as 
to the advisability of establishing a lime kiln and cement 
works at Okolona and Waynesboro : 

"An average of nearly a dozen analyses of limestone 
from Okolona and its immediate vicinity shows the lime- 
stone there to contain a little more than 75 per cent of lime 
carbonate, about 8 per cent of silica (partly sand), and a 
little more than 2 1/2 per cent of alumina (clay). While a 
large percentage of lime carbonate would be desirable to 
make the highest grade of quicklime, this rock at Okolona, 
if properly burned, would undoubtedly make a very good 
grade of lime. 

"The rock at Waynesboro, on the other hand, has an 
average content of lime carbonate of considerably more than 
90 per cent, which is very high. This rock would be es- 
pecially good for the making of quicklime. We very seldom 
see extensive lime deposits of such high degree of purity as 
exists at Waynesboro. It would be ideal for treatment in a 
lime kiln, and the lime would undoubtedly be of the highest 
order. 

"For the manufacture of Portland cement (the kind in 
common use) , a limestone is required containing from 20 to 
24 per cent of silica (sand) , 6V2 per cent of alumina (clay) , 
and from 58 to 64 per cent of lime oxide, equivalent to 65 per 
cent to 80 per cent of lime carbonate. It will be noticed that 
the proportions required for cement manufacture are not 




very far different from the proportions found in the Oko- 
lona limestone. Rock is practically never found in nature 
proportioned just right to make Portland cement; but the 
proportions have to be made up by admixing with the 
ground rock, clay, sand and other ingredients necessary. I 
know of no cement plant in this country that does not have 
to mix their materials to get required proportions. In the 
Okolona rock, however, comparatively little admixing of 
other materials would be necessary to bring it to the right 
composition, and this could almost surely be found in the 
clay soils covering the limestone throughout the prairie belt. 

"Prof. Crider in his bulletin on cement resources of 
Mississippi, specifically mentions the limestone at Okolona 
as suitable for cement, and his statements in that report 
have the endorsement of E. E. Eckel, the highest authority 
in this country on cement manufacture. 

"The Waynesboro rock could also be made to conform 
to the standard composition of cement rock by admixture 
with clay, sands, etc. ; but the Okolona rock is nearer the 
ideal. 

"Hoping that I have given you the information requir- 
ed, I am, with sincerest regards, yours very truly, 

"E. N. LOWE." 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 762 345 1 4 



